Corporate Tax Operating Cash flow and Sales Growth and their Impact on Dividend Payout Ratio in Oil and Gas Companies Listed in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to comprehend the dynamics of dividend payout in Pakistan’s oil and gas sector. This study is an attempt to differentiate that what are factors force firms to distribute dividends instead of enhancing retained earnings. To draw the required results 13 listed oil and gas companies have been incorporated in this study and their 5 years’ data has been studied. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is quantitative and secondary data has been used to extract results. The sources of the data are financial statements of the companies under study. Fixed and random effects of regression were used for data analysis. Findings: Based on this study, it can be concluded that the independent variables selected in this model have the power to explain the dependent variable by 45%, which means the results generated through this study can be given importance accordingly in the oil and gas sector of Pakistan. The explanatory variables were identified from the prior literature and then their impact on dividend payout ratio was studied. Implications/Originality/Value: It is evident from the results of the study that management can take necessary steps to formulate a mutually beneficial dividend policy that can enhance the strength and effectiveness of these explanatory variables to enforce a dividend policy that fulfils the expectations of both the investors and the company. The investors can also evaluate different factors that might have an impact on dividend distribution and they can also get the ability to determine dividend payout ratio which made the basis for decision making for investment in the given sector.

The relationship between dividend policy and bank growth

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between bank growth and the retained earnings amount for Jordanian banks between 2010 and 2020. The method to be used is regression models. Bank growth is measured using the change in total assets; income retention is measured by subtracting dividends from earnings per share and by deducting dividend per share from the operating cash flow on the accrual basis and cash basis. In addition, another specification will be used to the association between the growth of a bank’s total assets and income retention using the percentage change in the growth of a bank’s total assets and income retention on the accrual and cash basis. The findings of pooled OLS regression models and random effect models show that there is no relationship between income retention using the accrual basis and the bank total assets growth (Adj-R2 was –005). There is a significant relationship between income retention using the cash basis and the bank growth in total assets (Adj-R2 was 14%). There is no significant association between change in income retention using the cash basis and the bank growth in total assets, and bank size affects the relationship between income retention and bank growth in total assets. Users of financial statements need to be aware of the association between the several variables used in this study to make sound decisions.

The Effects of Tax Penalty on Retained Earnings: Evidence from Quasi-Natural Experiment in South Korea

This paper evaluated how the tax penalty, corporate income feedback tax (CIFT), on retained earnings affected firms’ managerial decisions in South Korea. We focused on how the firms allocated the retained earnings to minimize the additional tax liability. We employed a quasi-natural experiment design resulting from the enactment of the CIFT in 2015 to identify how the tax penalty on earning retention affected investment, dividend, and employment. We took advantage of the eligibility condition of the CIFT to construct a quasi-natural experimental design. Our estimation results show that most firms subject to the CIFT paid out dividends to equity holders to avoid additional tax liabilities despite of modest increase of investment. They did not change wages much. Rather, they decreased wage payment. In sum, the CIFT was not as successful as Korean government wished.

An Empirical Analysis of Firm Growth and Financial Performance of Selected Firms in Nigeria

This study empirically investigated on firm indicators and financial performance of food and beverage industry in Nigeria covering the period 2010-2019. In the course of the study, four companies namely Nigeria Breweries Plc, Guinness Nigeria Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc and Nestle Nigeria Plc were selected for the study. Panel data regression method was used for the method of data analysis and ex-post facto research design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the annual reports of the selected companies. The major findings of the study were that turn-over, retained earnings and total assets has a positive and significant effect on financial performance of the food and beverage companies in Nigeria. It is therefore the recommendation of this study that the management of food and beverage companies in Nigeria should adopt appropriate measures to ensure their turnover is maintained above par since it has effect on return on equity as seen from the findings of the study.

Does National Debt Matter? -Analysis Based on The Economic Theories

The national debt has been increasing at a higher percentage than the GDP of the United States. Since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, national increased dramatically since the country borrowed to finance its expenditures. Moreover, with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, national debt increased to 105% of the GDP. There have been worries about whether the national debt is a matter of concern, and many theories have been developed to explain national debt. The classical economists advocated for a balanced budget where taxes finance government expenditure. Keynes argued that governments should borrow to finance their spending to avoid a decrease in demand. The pecking order theory argued that when businesses use all their retained earnings, they should prefer debts to equity to finance their expenditures. Trade-off theory advocated for financing through debt because it is cheaper. Debt payments of a company are deductible through tax, and less risk is involved when taking debt than equity. Finally, the neoclassical economists assumed that government debt has a one-time maturity and pays the current interest rate. Using the concepts of these theories, it is clear that national debt should not be a matter of concern because it is cheaper to pay debt than equity and debt benefits a country in the long run.

Do Accounting, Market, and Macroeconomic Factors Affect Financial Distress? Evidence in Indonesia

This paper aims to investigate the effect of accounting, market, and macroeconomic factors on financial distress. The investigations were expanded by constructing seven research models to simulate all factors. The research sample includes companies listed on the IDX from 2016 to 2020 which produce 1.710 data. This paper finds that retained earnings (RETA) and earnings (EBITTA) as part of accounting factors have a role in weakening financial distress and can be consistently tested in several research models. Equity (MVE) as part of the market factor weakens financial distress and is consistently tested. Although solvency (SOLV) was described as the company's ability to maximize debt, it is not consistently tested in several research models. Finally, it was found that deflationary conditions caused financial distress which represented macroeconomic factors. This paper makes a practical contribution to companies and governments to evade financial distress

Effect of Internal Financial Policy on Shareholders’ Wealth and Firm Value

This studyexamines the impact of internal financial policy on share holders’ wealth and firm value. The study uses the data of manufacturing sector firms listed on PSE. The study apply random sampling techniques for the collection of data and total 91 firms selected as sample from different sub sectors in manufacturing sector. Stock price each share and firm value per share were taken as dependent variables whereas retained earnings per share and dividend paid per share used as independent variables and net total asset per share and firm value to book value per share taken as control variables. Panel data of all these variables used to examine the relationship of internal financial policy on stock price and firm value. The findings of this study indicate that dividen payout, retained earnings, and net total assets per share have positive and significant impact on stock price where as firm book value per share ratio has insignificant impact on stock price. Dividend payout shown strong relation with stock price as compare to retained earning. Dividend payout, retained earnings, net total assets per share have positive and significance relation with firm value and firm book value per share ratio has positive butinsignificant relationship with firm value. The study has some policy implications for the users and top management of these firms.

THE EFFECT OF EARNING PER SHARE, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET, TOTAL ASSET TURNOVER, AND COLLATERALIZABLE ASSET ON DIVIDEND POLICY (Research on Consumer Goods Industrial Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2015-2019 period)

Dividend policy is a company's decision to determine whether the profits earned by the company will be distributed to investors in the form of dividends or by increasing the company's retained earnings. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of earnings per share, investment opportunities, total asset turnover, and collateralizable assets on dividend policy in consumer goods industry entities listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2015-2019 period. The population in this research was the consumer goods industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange of 52 entities in 2015-2019. The technique of determining the sample used is purposive sampling. The samples obtained are 13 companies incorporated in the consumer goods industry sectors in the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2015-2019. Based on the analysis, the result shows that the variable total asset turnover partially has a significant positive effect on dividend policy. Collateralizable asset variable has a significant negative impact on dividend policy. In contrast, the investment opportunity variables and earnings per share don't affect dividend policy. This research can be used as a reference for stakeholders in the company to consider the total asset turnover that affects dividend policy in a company.

The Influence of Investment, Liquidity and Profitability on Dividend Payout Ratio Policies of the 2015-2019 Indonesia Stock Exchange Listed LQ-45 Companies

Dividend policies aim to determine the number of dividends to shareholders and the amount to be reinvested (retained earnings). In this study, dividend policies were measured using the Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). This study aimed to test and analyze the influence of investment, liquidity, and profitability on dividend payout ratio policies of the 2015-2019 Indonesia Stock Exchange Listed LQ-45 companies. The purpose is to find out and examine the pattern of Investment, Liquidity, and Profitability in the Dividend Payout Ratio Policy of Companies listed on LQ-45 Indonesia Stock Exchange 2015-2019. The subjects of this study were the Indonesia Stock Exchange Listed LQ-45 companies while the objects were the 2015-2019 financial statements. The population of this study was 45 companies with 30 companies as the samples after purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, classical assumption test, and hypothesis testing. The results of research in partially, investment and profitability had a significant and positive influence on the dividend payout ratio policies while liquidity had no influence on the dividend payout ratio policies. Simultaneously, investment, liquidity, and profitability had an 11.8% influence on the dividend payout ratio policies while the remaining 88.2% were explained by other variables such as leverage ratio, growth, and others.

Assessing the financial condition and accounts receivable risk among US farmer cooperatives

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the financial condition and ability of farmer cooperatives to withstand significant increases in bad debt expense.Design/methodology/approachA unique data set of farmer cooperative financial statements that spans from 1996 to 2019 is used to examine the changes in profitability, solvency, liquidity and accounts receivable risk. Also, a deterministic stress test model is designed to shock bad debt expense and the resulting write-off of accounts receivable for farmer cooperatives. The stress test provides insights to the resiliency of farmer cooperatives.FindingsResults find that farmer cooperatives are in a strong financial position, which has improved over time. The majority of farmer cooperatives are able to absorb a substantial increase in bad debt expense because of their sizable, retained earnings position. However, cooperatives that have significant profitability challenges do experience much larger losses, especially mixed farmer cooperatives (roughly equally amounts of grain and farm supply sales) and large cooperatives with more than $500 million in sales.Practical implicationsThe stress test results suggest farmer cooperative managers and boards of directors could re-examine their credit policies and consider extending additional credit. Also, cooperatives should consider monitoring and identifying an optimal accounts receivable to retained earnings ratio, which is similar to how banks examine their tier 1 capital ratios.Originality/valueThe value of this study is having data that allows for the examination of the financial condition of farmer cooperatives over time. Also, having current data means the accounts receivable stress test results are more relevant and timelier. This is important because these accounts receivable are primarily tied to crop input supplies, and farmer cooperatives are a significant market participant in the crop input supply market.