scholarly journals Planting Systems for Modern Olive Growing: Strengths and Weaknesses

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽  
Primo Proietti ◽  
Luca Regni ◽  
Tiziano Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Cultivar Diversity

The objective of fully mechanizing olive harvesting has been pursued since the 1970s to cope with labor shortages and increasing production costs. Only in the last twenty years, after adopting super-intensive planting systems and developing appropriate straddle machines, a solution seems to have been found. The spread of super-intensive plantings, however, raises serious environmental and social concerns, mainly because of the small number of cultivars that are currently used (basically 2), compared to over 100 cultivars today cultivated on a large scale across the world. Olive growing, indeed, insists on over 11 million hectares. Despite its being located mostly in the Mediterranean countries, the numerous olive growing districts are characterized by deep differences in climate and soil and in the frequency and nature of environmental stress. To date, the olive has coped with biotic and abiotic stress thanks to the great cultivar diversity. Pending that new technologies supporting plant breeding will provide a wider number of cultivars suitable for super-intensive systems, in the short term, new growing models must be developed. New olive orchards will need to exploit cultivars currently present in various olive-growing areas and favor increasing productions that are environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. As in fruit growing, we should focus on “pedestrian olive orchards”, based on trees with small canopies and whose top can be easily reached by people from the ground and by machines (from the side of the top) that can carry out, in a targeted way, pesticide treatments, pruning and harvesting.

scholarly journals POSITIONS OF STATES OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION REGARDING THE ADOPTION OF RESOLUTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES WITHIN THE FRAMES OF THE UN

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Mykola Ryzhkov ◽  
Anastasiia Siabro
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
International Development ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Security System ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World

Achievements in the sphere of automatization and telecommunication are an essential component of transformation of the international peace and security system. This article presents, that consequences of changes are of a dual character. On the one hand, new technologies are becoming an important component of society modernization strategies in developing countries, on the other hand, they can be used for armament modernization or creation of new means of confrontation in modern international relations. APR countries face the most relevant issue of information technologies usage. The article deals with the process of discussion of new challenges and threats to international security, emerging as a result of development and large-scale implementation of information-communication technologies. Positions of states regarding the adoption of resolution in the sphere of international information security were studied through examples of Japan, India, and China. It is proved in the article, that information technologies have become an important component of the security system in the world. Technologies usage may lead to steady international development as well as to information arms race. That is why working out a common position on international information security issues is of crucial importance. It is within the framework of the UN, that different states of the world are given an opportunity to express their visions of the problem of international information security and work out common approaches to its solution. The article shows, that states’ positions have similar as well as different features. For instance, all states express concern regarding possible limitation of technology transfer for the establishment of a more controlled international political environment. But states’ positions have major differences as to mechanisms of information security provision. Thus, Japan and India strive to achieve a balanced system of international information security, which should at the same time have preventive mechanisms against the emergence of threats in the information and science and technology spheres and guarantee continuation of scientific-technological development, which is a crucial component of development and modernization strategies in many countries of the world. China came forward with position of strong regulation of international information security issues and suggested framing of corresponding regulations of the states’ conduct in the cyberspace.

Contrasting tactical and strategic dynamics on a Clausewitz landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Rodrick Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Limit Theorems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Human Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Time

Statistical models based on the asymptotic limit theorems of control and information theories allow formal examination of the essential differences between short-time “tactical” confrontations and a long-term “strategic” conflict dominated by evolutionary process. The world of extended coevolutionary conflict is not the world of sequential “muddling through.” The existential strategic challenge is to take cognitive control of a long-term dynamic in which one may, in fact, be “losing” most short-term confrontations. Winning individual battles can be a relatively direct, if not simple or easy, matter of sufficient local resources, training, and resolve. Winning extended conflicts is not direct, and requires management of subtle coevolutionary phenomena subject to a dismaying punctuated equilibrium more familiar from evolutionary theory than military doctrine. Directed evolution has given us the agricultural base needed for large-scale human organization. Directed coevolution of the inevitable conflicts between the various segments of that organization may be needed for its long-term persistence.

scholarly journals BANK PROJECT FINANCING IN THE CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Nazar DEMCHYSHAK ◽  
Oksana SHCHUREVYCH ◽  
Olha HEORHIIEVSKA
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Further Development

Introduction. Banking project investments as one of the important factors of economic development of any country should be investigated. Despite the relative novelty of project financing in Ukraine, it should be studied because this process has been widely used for a long period in the world, which is confirmed by the implementation of large-scale projects. The purpose of the article is the implementation of a comparative analysis of bank project financing in Ukraine and the world during the pre-crisis macroeconomic situation, as well as the development of appropriate proposals for further development of the mentioned investments. Results. It substantiated the promotion project financing would be impossible in the conditions of the predominance of the short-term loans and the unwillingness of banking institutions to participate in the financing of infrastructure and investment projects. The factors hindering the development of bank project financing in Ukraine were determined. Significant potential for the rapid development of project financing has been fully confirmed by the corresponding market demand. However, for the development of project financing in Ukraine it is necessary to realistically and in detail assess the viability and profitability of projects. Also, the most effective leverage can and should be appropriate changes in the legislation that might give the guarantee bilateral protection of investors and creditors, as well as describe the approaches to the formation of a simplified mechanism for this type of financing.

scholarly journals Participatory Sensing: Building Empowering Surveillance

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Shilton
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Participatory Sensing ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

Mobile phones could become the largest surveillance system on the planet. These ubiquitous, networked devices can currently sense and upload data such as images, sound, location, and motion using on-board cameras, microphones, GPS, and accelerometers. And they can be triggered and controlled by billions of individuals around the world. But the emergent, wide-scale sensing systems that phones support pose a number of questions. Who will control the necessary infrastructure for data storage, analysis, sharing, and retention? And to what purposes will such systems be deployed? This paper explores whether these questions can be answered in ways that promote empowering surveillance: large-scale data collection used by individuals and communities to improve their quality of life and increase their power relative to corporations and governments. Researchers in academic and industry laboratories around the world are currently coordinating mobile phone networks for purposes that expand the definition of surveillance. Technology movements, variously called personal sensing, urban sensing or participatory sensing, have emerged within the areas of social computing and urban computing. These research programs endeavor to make ubiquitous devices such as phones a platform for coordinated investigation of human activity. Researchers are exploring ways to introduce these technologies into the public realm, a move that anticipates sensing by people across the world. This paper uses ethnographic data collected in a sensing development laboratory to illuminate possibilities that participatory sensing holds for equitable use, meaningful community participation, and empowerment. Analyzing the motivations and values embedded within the design process and resulting technologies reveals ways in which participatory sensing builds tools for empowering surveillance and responds to the many ethical challenges these new technologies raise.

scholarly journals Chemicals Used in Southern Forest Nurseries

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South ◽  
Janusz B. Zwolinksi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
The World ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Abstract Large-scale tree planting programs have placed a tremendous pressure on nursery managers to supply unprecedented numbers of seedlings. Inclusion of chemicals into seed production regimes have made it possible for southern pine nurseries to be the most productive in the world, in terms of both output per nursery and average cost per seedling. Nursery managers in the South rely on the use of fertilizers, fumigants, and pesticides to help keep production costs low. Judicious use of fertilizers can reduce the production of cull seedlings as well as increase field growth after outplanting. It has been our experience that investing in the use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers provides a high rate of return for the nursery manager. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):127-135.

scholarly journals Contributions from Literature for Understanding Wine Marketing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7468
Author(s):  
Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
The Web ◽  
Strategy Index

Marketing for wines is a determinant tool for several stakeholders within the wine sector, but there are not many studies concerning the topic “wine marketing” and even fewer that take a bibliometric approach. In turn, wine is a strategic agri-food product for the economy of several countries around the world, particularly in Mediterranean countries. Beyond the economic level, wine has an environmental, social, and cultural dimension. All these dimensions have implications in any plan for the wine sector and should be taken into account. In addition, these dimensions change around the world in accordance with different local factors. In this way, sometimes, it is not easy to design adjusted marketing plans for the wine sector, namely, in international markets. Taking the frameworks into account, the main objective of this study is to explore the scientific documents available on scientific platforms, namely, in the Web of Science, related to “wine marketing”. These studies (87 documents) were first explored through bibliometric software, such as the VOSviewer and the Atlas.ti, and then analyzed individually to capture the main insights shown by the scientific literature about wine marketing. To better organize the literature survey, with the information obtained from the bibliometric analysis, the following indexes were identified through factor analysis: “supply index”, “demand index”, “winery strategy index”, “tourism index”, “innovation index”, and “wine characteristics index”. The supply index highlights questions related to new technologies, climate change, logistics in international markets, institutions and regulations, being the main factors that influence wine producers. The demand index stresses the relevance, for consumers, of the relationship between the price and quality of a wine. On the other hand, younger consumers, in general, consume wine outdoors while socializing, giving importance to the label, often when the wine is recommended by someone. Older consumers give greater importance to the wine’s variety and to its region of origin. The winery strategy index shows the importance of questions relating to agri-chains, market differentiation, the history, and the brand. The tourism index brings together aspects associated with the complementarity between activities in the wine sector, wine routes, and contributions from culture and landscape. The innovation index highlights aspects related to the quality and the perceptions of the consumers. Finally, the wine characteristics index shows the little importance given by scientific literature relating to wine marketing and to attributes such as alcohol. A search on the Web of Science for the topic addressed here and “bibliometric” showed that there has been no research carried out with the approach taken here, showing the novelty of this study.

scholarly journals The use of modern technologies in agriculture as a means of increasing productivity and minimizing losses in terms of import substitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-597
Author(s):  
Marina L Vartanova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Improve Product Quality ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Modern Technologies

This article discusses the development of new technologies that can increase productivity, reduce production costs and improve product quality. Much attention is paid to the problems of choice, and the use of equipment, because the lack of advanced technology hinders the production of agricultural products, not allowing it to fully break into the world arena. In the article the author reveals the need to find new innovative approaches to the organization of work processes and resource consumption, a new progressive approach to the process of automation of agriculture, which in turn will bring the industry out of stagnation and get the most out of the fertility of our soils.

scholarly journals Saudi Arabia in the World Oil Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
S. Zhukov ◽  
I. Kopytin ◽  
O. Reznikova
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
World Order ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Saudi Aramco

The goal of the article is to analyze the role of Saudi Arabia in the world oil market and in the world economy for a long historical period. It is shown that strategically behavior of Saudi Arabia always was and continues to be subordinated to ensuring the stable supply of oil into the world oil market. Under the Saudi Arabia leadership OPEC aims at pursuing an economically rational and responsible policy, supporting the balance of the demand for oil and its supply thus allow¬ing to avoid deep and lasting oil price decline. Until the very recently an important factor impacting the formulation of Saudi oil policy was maintaining of strategic interaction with the US. The restructuring of the world oil market driven by the shale revolution and nearing peak of global demand for oil have created new challenges for Saudi Arabia oil strategy. The OPEC+ situational agreement enacted since 2017 by OPEC and non-OPEC countries to voluntary reduce levels of oil production temporarily allows to keep a supply – demand balance in the world oil market preventing from substantial drop in oil prices. At the same time the agreement opens opportunities for competitors, first of all American producers of tight oil, to maintain and expand export niches. Shale revolution created a situation when oil interests of the US and Saudi Arabia came into open conflict. For political and strategic considerations, a price war in order to crowd American oil producers with their relatively high production costs out of the market is not a feasible option for the Kingdom. Attempts to transform the state oil company Saudi Aramco into a mega supermajor utilizing on the global economic and financial potential have failed as the leading international banks and corporations avoided the company’s IPO. The failure of Saudi Aramco partial privatization is a signal of a false start of a company to open the Saudi economy to large-scale in-flow of foreign investment. Paradoxically the long-term perspectives of Saudi Arabia crucially depend on how effectively it will use in the coming 10–20 years oil export earnings for diversification of national economy outside the oil sector. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

Freedom of the Press

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
William F. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Dramatic Fall ◽  
The Web

The US media are undergoing a massive transformation, approaching a crisis in journalism, which may portend similar issues in Europe and the rest of the world. Historically, most professional journalism has been done by the print media, especially newspapers. Today, American newspapers are in a state of collapse with circulation dropping at a rapid rate and profitability going to nil or negative. This business is leading to an information crisis that is already having effects on the society and will likely become even more profound, polarizing and perhaps misinforming an entire nation. Print journalists have been the primary suppliers to the electronic media, including television and the internet. This article supplements a speech given at the American Academy in Berlin in May, 2008. It summarizes US media metrics and raises issues of concern about the sustainability of serious journalism in America. While the internet has been the cause of this dilemma, the author sees no economic model that will allow the web in the short term to support major, serious reporting at a large scale. Is the rest of the world about to experience a similar crisis or are media models different enough to avoid such a dramatic fall? This article reflects Baker’s view as a longtime media executive and an academic.

scholarly journals Metal Additive Manufacturing: Cost Competitive Beyond Low Volumes

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne E. Laureijs ◽  
Jaime Bonnín Roca ◽  
Sneha Prabha Narra ◽  
Colt Montgomery ◽  
Jack L. Beuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Factors

Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly of interest for commercial and military applications due to its potential to create novel geometries with increased performance. For additive manufacturing to find commercial application, it must be cost competitive against traditional processes such as forging. Forecasting the production costs of future products prior to large-scale investment is challenging due to the limits of traditional cost accounting's ability to handle both the systemic process implications of new technologies and the cognitive biases in humans' additive and systemic estimates. Leveraging a method uniquely suited to these challenges, we quantify the production and use economics of an additively manufactured versus a traditionally forged GE engine bracket of equivalent performance for commercial aviation. Our results show that, despite the simplicity of the engine bracket, when taking into account the part redesign for AM and the associated lifetime fuel savings of the additively designed bracket, the additively manufactured part and design is cheaper than the forged one for a wide range of scenarios, including at higher volumes of 2000–12,000 brackets per year. Opportunities to further reduce costs include accessing lower material prices without compromising quality, producing vertical builds with equivalent performance to horizontal builds, and increasing process control so as to enable reduced testing. Given the conservative nature of our assumptions as well as our choice of part, these results suggest that there may be broader economic viability for additively manufactured parts, especially when systemic factors and use costs are incorporated.

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