scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Kinematic Coupling of the Healthy Knee During Treadmill Walking

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Jun Koo ◽  
Seungbum Koo
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Anterior Translation ◽  
Kinematic Coupling ◽  
Skeletal Kinematics

Accurate joint kinematics plays an important role in estimating joint kinetics in musculoskeletal simulations. Biplanar fluoroscopic (BPF) systems have been introduced to measure skeletal kinematics with six degrees-of-freedom. The purpose of this study was to model knee kinematic coupling using knee kinematics during walking, as measured by the BPF system. Seven healthy individuals (mean age, 23 ± 2 yr) performed treadmill walking trials at 1.2 m/s. Knee kinematics was regressed separately for the swing and stance phases using a generalized mixed effects model. Tibial anterior translation function was y=0.20x−3.09 for the swing phase and y=0.31x−0.54 for the stance phase, where x was the flexion angle and y was the tibial anterior translation. Tibial lateral and inferior translation were also regressed separately for the stance phase and the swing phase. Tibial external rotation was y=−0.002x2+0.19x−0.64 for the swing phase and y=−0.19x−1.22 for the stance phase. The tibial adduction rotation function was also calculated separately for the stance and swing phase. The study presented three-dimensional coupled motion in the knee during the stance and swing phases of walking, and demonstrated the lateral pivoting motion found in previous studies. This expanded understanding of secondary knee motion functions will benefit musculoskeletal simulation and help improve the accuracy of calculated kinetics.

Foot Rotation Gait Modifications Affect Hip and Ankle, But Not Knee, Stance Phase Joint Reaction Forces During Running

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter J. Bennett ◽  
Kevin A. Valenzuela ◽  
Scott K. Lynn ◽  
Joshua T. Weinhandl
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Joint Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Reaction

Abstract Alterations of foot rotation angles have successfully reduced external knee adduction moments during walking and running. However, reductions in knee adduction moments may not result in reductions in knee joint reaction forces. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of internal and external foot rotation on knee, hip, and ankle joint reaction forces during running. Motion capture and force data were recorded of 19 healthy adults running at 3.35 m/s during three conditions: (1) preferred (normal) and with (2) internal and (3) external foot rotation. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed using opensim and the Rajagopal 2015 model, modified to a two degree-of-freedom knee joint. Muscle excitations were derived using static optimization, including muscle physiology parameters. Joint reaction forces (i.e., the total force acting on the joints) were computed and compared between conditions using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) via statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Internal foot rotation reduced resultant hip forces (from 18% to 23% stride), while external rotation reduced resultant ankle forces (peak force at 20% stride) during the stance phase. Three-dimensional and resultant knee joint reaction forces only differed at very early and very late stance phase. The results of this study indicate, similar to previous findings, that reductions in external knee adduction moments do not mirror reductions in knee joint reaction forces.

scholarly journals The Biomechanical Effect of the Sensomotor Insole on a Pediatric Intoeing Gait

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiyoshi Mabuchi ◽  
Hiroshi Kitoh ◽  
Masato Inoue ◽  
Mitsuhiko Hayashi ◽  
Naoki Ishiguro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Femoral Anteversion ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Abnormal Gait ◽  
Biomechanical Effect

Background. The sensomotor insole (SMI) has clinically been shown to be successful in treating an intoeing gait. We investigated the biomechanical effect of SMI on a pediatric intoeing gait by using three-dimensional gait analysis. Methods. Six patients with congenital clubfeet and four patients with idiopathic intoeing gait were included. There were five boys and five girls with the average age at testing of 5.6 years. The torsional profile of the lower limb was assessed clinically. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed in the same shoes with and without SMI. Results. All clubfeet patients exhibited metatarsal adductus, while excessive femoral anteversion and/or internal tibial torsion was found in patients with idiopathic intoeing gait. SMI showed significant decreased internal rotation of the proximal femur in terminal swing phase and loading response phase. The internal rotation of the tibia was significantly smaller in mid stance phase and terminal stance phase by SMI. In addition, SMI significantly increased the walking speed and the step length. Conclusions. SMI improved abnormal gait patterns of pediatric intoeing gait by decreasing femoral internal rotation through the end of the swing phase and the beginning of the stance phase and by decreasing tibial internal rotation during the stance phase.

Kinematic Alterations After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction via Transtibial Techniques With Medial Meniscal Repair Versus Partial Medial Meniscectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 3293-3301
Author(s):  
Ming Wang ◽  
Zefeng Lin ◽  
Wanshun Wang ◽  
Lingling Chen ◽  
Hong Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Meniscal Repair ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Medial Meniscectomy ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: The treatment strategies for meniscal injuries during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remain a topic of debate. Hypothesis: After ACL reconstruction, knee kinematics would be affected by different medial meniscal treatment (partial medial meniscectomy [PMM] and medial meniscal repair [MMR]). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 161 patients underwent primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction and simultaneous medial meniscal treatment. Of these, 32 patients were eligible to participate in the kinematic assessment at 24.8 ± 1.7 months after surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) those who underwent MMR (Group MMR; n = 18) and (2) those who underwent PMM (Group PMM; n = 14). Twenty healthy participants (Group Intact) were recruited who were comparable in age, body mass index, and sex. The kinematic parameters were collected using an optical tracking system during treadmill gait. Range of motion and kinematic parameters at key events during the gait cycle were compared between the 3 groups. The primary outcomes were the differences in adduction/abduction and internal/external rotation. Results: Patients in Group PMM walked with increased adduction as compared with those in Group Intact during the early stance phase ( P = .003; η2 = 0.172) and midstance phase ( P = .003; η2 = 0.167). In terms of internal/external rotation, patients in Group PMM walked with significantly larger tibial external rotation when compared with Group MMR by approximately 3.4° to 3.7° (loading response: P = .026, η2 = 0.090; midstance: P = .035, η2 = 0.093) and Group Intact ( P = .028; η2 = 0.095) in the early stance phase. In addition, there was significantly increased anterior tibial translation in Groups MMR and PMM compared with Group Intact. Conclusion: ACL reconstruction (via transtibial technique) with concurrent PMM demonstrated larger adduction and external tibial rotation at 24 months of follow-up during level walking. Clinical Relevance: Patients undergoing different medial meniscal treatment strategies in the presence of ACL reconstruction showed distinct knee kinematics. These results suggest that MMR is strongly recommended during ACL reconstructive surgery to reduce the abnormal kinematics close to that of the ACL-intact condition.

In Vivo Three-dimensional Kinematics of Normal Knees During Sitting Sideways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Kono ◽  
Takaharu Yamazaki ◽  
Shoji Konda ◽  
Hiroshi Inui ◽  
Sakae Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Medial Side ◽  
Valgus Angle ◽  
Significant Movement ◽  
Anteroposterior Translation ◽  
Medial Pivot

Abstract Background The normal knee kinematics during asymmetrical kneeling such as the sitting sideways remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify in vivo kinematics during sitting sideways of normal knees. Methods Twelve knees from six volunteers were examined. Under fluoroscopy, each volunteer performed a sitting sideways. A two-dimensional/three-dimensional registration technique was used. The rotation angle, varus-valgus angle, anteroposterior translation of the medial and lateral sides of the femur relative to the tibia, and kinematic pathway in each flexion angle was evaluated. Results Bilateral knees during sitting sideways showed a femoral external rotation relative to the tibia with flexion. Whereas the ipsilateral knees showed valgus movement, and the contralateral knees showed varus movement. The medial side of the contralateral knees was more posteriorly located than that of the ipsilateral knees beyond 110° of flexion. The lateral side of the contralateral knees was more anteriorly located than that of the ipsilateral knees from 120° to 150° of flexion. In the ipsilateral knees, a medial pivot pattern followed by a bicondylar rollback was observed. In the contralateral knees, no significant movement followed by a bicondylar rollback was observed. Conclusion Even though the asymmetrical kneeling such as sitting sideways, the knees did not display asymmetrical movement.

scholarly journals Adaptations for economical bipedal running: the effect of limb structure on three-dimensional joint mechanics

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (58) ◽  
pp. 740-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Rubenson ◽  
David G. Lloyd ◽  
Denham B. Heliams ◽  
Thor F. Besier ◽  
Paul A. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Joint Power ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
Limb Structure

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical adaptations linked to economical locomotion in cursorial bipeds. We addressed this question by comparing mass-matched humans and avian bipeds (ostriches), which exhibit marked differences in limb structure and running economy. We hypothesized that the nearly 50 per cent lower energy cost of running in ostriches is a result of: (i) lower limb-swing mechanical power, (ii) greater stance-phase storage and release of elastic energy, and (iii) lower total muscle power output. To test these hypotheses, we used three-dimensional joint mechanical measurements and a simple model to estimate the elastic and muscle contributions to joint work and power. Contradictory to our first hypothesis, we found that ostriches and humans generate the same amounts of mechanical power to swing the limbs at a similar self-selected running speed, indicating that limb swing probably does not contribute to the difference in energy cost of running between these species. In contrast, we estimated that ostriches generate 120 per cent more stance-phase mechanical joint power via release of elastic energy compared with humans. This elastic mechanical power occurs nearly exclusively at the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint, demonstrating a shift of mechanical power generation to distal joints compared with humans. We also estimated that positive muscle fibre power is 35 per cent lower in ostriches compared with humans, and is accounted for primarily by higher capacity for storage and release of elastic energy. Furthermore, our analysis revealed much larger frontal and internal/external rotation joint loads during ostrich running than in humans. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that a primary limb structure specialization linked to economical running in cursorial species is an elevated storage and release of elastic energy in tendon. In the ostrich, energy-saving specializations may also include passive frontal and internal/external rotation load-bearing mechanisms.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Activation of Lumbosacral Motoneurons in the Locomotor Step Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1542-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiy Yakovenko ◽  
Vivian Mushahwar ◽  
Veronique VanderHorst ◽  
Gert Holstege ◽  
Arthur Prochazka
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Lumbosacral Spinal Cord ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Rostral Part

The aim of this study was to produce a dynamic model of the spatiotemporal activation of ensembles of alpha motoneurons (MNs) in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord during the locomotor step cycle. The coordinates of MNs of 27 hindlimb muscles of the cat were digitized from transverse sections of spinal cord spanning the entire lumbosacral enlargement from the caudal part of L4 to the rostral part of S1 segments. Outlines of the spinal cord gray matter were also digitized. Models of the spinal cord were generated from these digitized data and displayed on a computer screen as three-dimensional (3-D) images. We compiled a chart of electromyographic (EMG) profiles of the same 27 muscles during the cat step cycle from previous studies and used these to modulate the number of active MNs in the 3-D images. The step cycle was divided into 100 equal intervals corresponding to about 7 ms each for gait of moderate speed. For each of these 100 intervals, the level of EMG of each muscle was used to scale the number of dots displayed randomly within the volume of the corresponding MN pool in the digital model. One hundred images of the spinal cord were thereby generated, and these could be played in sequence as a continuous-loop movie representing rhythmical stepping. A rostrocaudal oscillation of activity in hindlimb MN pools emerged. This was confirmed by computing the locus of the center of activation of the MNs in the 100 consecutive frames of the movie. The caudal third of the lumbosacral enlargement showed intense MN activity during the stance phase of locomotion. During the swing phase, the focus of activation shifted abruptly to the rostral part of the enlargement. At the stance-swing transition, a transient focus of activity formed in the most caudal part of the lumbosacral enlargement. This was associated with activation of gracilis, posterior biceps, posterior semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles. These muscles move the foot back and up to clear the ground during locomotion, a role that could be described as retraction. The spatiotemporal distribution of neuronal activity in the spinal cord during normal locomotion with descending control and sensory inputs intact has not been visualized before. The model can be used in the future to characterize spatiotemporal activity of spinal MNs in the absence of descending and sensory inputs and to compare these to spatiotemporal patterns in spinal MNs in normal locomotion.

Hip Taping Positively Alters Running Kinematics in Asymptomatic Females

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (14) ◽  
pp. 1068-1074
Author(s):  
Ashleigh Masters ◽  
Kevin Netto ◽  
Susi Brooker ◽  
Diana Hopper ◽  
Bernard Liew
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractGreater functional knee valgus (FKV) is thought to contribute to a greater risk of sustaining overuse running injuries. The hip is commonly implicated in greater functional knee valgus, but no studies have investigated the effects of hip taping on running kinematics. The present study investigated whether or not hip taping altered hip and knee kinematics compared to sham and no taping in female runners demonstrating excessive functional knee valgus. Lower limb stance-phase kinematics were collected from 23 female runners using three-dimensional motion capture. Participants performed over ground running at 3.5 m/s and 5.0 m/s. Three taping conditions (no tape; sham tape; hip tape) were tested. Statistical inference was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping Hotelling’s paired t-tests, with post-hoc paired t-tests. Hip taping significantly decreased hip adduction and internal rotation angles throughout stance phase by up to 7°, compared to sham and no taping. Hip taping significantly increased knee adduction, internal rotation, flexion, and reduced peak knee flexion angles, compared to no tape. Hip taping reduced excessive hip motion by clinically meaningful magnitudes, and also benefited knee frontal and transverse plane kinematics at the slower running speed. Hip taping may provide an immediate solution in correcting FKV in running.

The Three-Dimensional Kinematics and Flexibility Characteristics of the Human Ankle and Subtalar Joints—Part I: Kinematics

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Siegler ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
C. D. Schneck
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Kinematic Coupling ◽  
Human Ankle

The in-vitro, three dimensional kinematic characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joint were investigated in this study. The main goals of this investigation were: 1) To determine the range of motion of the foot-shank complex and the associated range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints; 2) To determine the kinematic coupling characteristics of the foot-shank complex, and 3) To identify the relationship between movements at the ankle and subtalar joints and the resulting motion produced between the foot and the shank. The tests were conducted on fifteen fresh amputated lower limbs and consisted of incrementally displacing the foot with respect to the shank while the motion of the articulating bones was measured through a three dimensional position data acquisition system. The kinematic analysis was based on the helical axis parameters describing the incremental displacements between any two of the three articulating bones and on a joint coordinate system used to describe the relative position between the bones. From the results of this investigation it was concluded that: 1) The range of motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion and internal rotation/external rotation) is larger than that of either the ankle joint or the subtalar joint.; 2) Large kinematic coupling values are present at the foot-shank complex in inversion/eversion and in internal rotation/external rotation. However, only a slight amount of coupling was observed to occur in dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.; 3) Neither the ankle joint nor the subtalar joint are acting as ideal hinge joints with a fixed axis of rotation.; 4) Motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction is the result of rotations at both the ankle and the subtalar joints. However, the contribution of the ankle joint to dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot-shank complex is larger than that of the subtalar joint and the contribution of the subtalar joint to inversion/eversion is larger than that of the ankle joint.; 5) The ankle and the subtalar joints have an approximately equal contribution to internal rotation/external rotation movements of the foot-shank complex.

Relationship Between Knee Walking Kinematics and Muscle Flexibility in Runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaly Gaudreault ◽  
Alex Fuentes ◽  
Neila Mezghani ◽  
Virginie O. Gauthier ◽  
Katia Turcot
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Iliotibial Band ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Knee Angle ◽  
Peak Knee

Context:Decreased flexibility in muscles and joints of lower extremities is commonly observed in runners. Understanding the effect of decreased flexibility on knee walking kinematics in runners is important because, over time, altered gait patterns can make runners vulnerable to overuse injuries or degenerative pathologies.Objectives:To compare hamstring and iliotibial-band (ITB) flexibility and knee kinematics in runners and nonrunners.Design:A descriptive, comparative laboratory study.Setting:Hamstring and ITB flexibility were measured with the active knee-extension test and the modified Ober test, respectively, in both groups of participants. Three-dimensional (3D) walking kinematic data were then recorded at the knee using a motiontracking system.Participants:18 runners and 16 nonrunners.Main Outcome Measures:Knee-extension angle (hamstring flexibility) and hip-adduction angle (ITB flexibility). Knee kinematic parameters of interest included knee angle at initial contact, peak knee angles, and knee-angle range in all planes of movement.Results:The runners had a significantly less flexible ITB than the nonrunners (hip adduction [−] and adduction [+] angles, 3.1° ± 5.6° vs −6.4° ± 4.5°; P < .001). The runners demonstrated a greater mean tibial external-rotation angle at initial contact (7.3° ± 5.8° vs 2.0° ± 4.0°; P = .01) and a smaller mean peak tibial internal-rotation angle (−1.6° ± 3.0° vs −4.2° ± 3.2°; P = .04) than the nonrunners.Conclusion:This study provides new insight into the relationship between muscle flexibility and 3D knee kinematics in runners. This supports the premise that there is an association between muscle flexibility and transverse-plane knee kinematics in this population.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phob Ganokroj ◽  
Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽  
Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽  
Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽  
Pisit Lertwanich
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

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