Italian Compressor Stations for Gas Storage

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Zampieri ◽  
Vanni Damiani
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Special Configuration ◽  
In Series ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Moment

In Italy the gas transmission network, more than 23.000 km long, has 21 compressor stations with a total power of 500 MW. Some of the stations are used only for transmission purposes while others can also be used alternately or at the same time to compress gas into storage fields (Fig.1). Italy has one of Western Europe’s biggest gas reserves in storage fields: in fact the working gas used at the moment is about 12 Gm3 and the gas in place is about 24 Gm3. The total compression capacity is about 90 Mm3/d with discharge pressures of up to 150 bar. All the stations are remote controlled with no personnel on site. For this, very reliable station control systems are used to control plant, engines and all the station’s auxiliary equipment. A compressor unit consists of a centrifugal compressor driven by a gas turbine. The heavy duty gas turbines have an output of between 3.7 and 10.4 MW, while the jet derivative turbines have an output of 20.5 MW. The gas compressors have two separate stages (sections) that can be put in series or in parallel according to the required compression ratio and flow. The special configuration of the stations gas piping is designed to match operating requirements. Examples of series/parallel configurations of the compressors and of the gas piping are given with an explanation of the pros and cons.

scholarly journals Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-186
Author(s):  
Md Tanbhir Hoq ◽  
Nathaniel Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Distance Protection ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
System Protection ◽  
The Status ◽  
In Series ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Series Capacitor ◽  
Current Inversion

The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken up by utilities and relay manufacturers in various ways. In the field of power system protection, developments are largely driven by relay manufacturers, and are often not published in the academic literature; the status and trend of the relay manufacturer’s development are better found in their product manuals and patent activity. Further insight into specific implementations by transmission utilities can be found from publications in industry-led forums and some academic journals. This article surveys the status and development of distance protection for series compensated lines, with a focus on industrial implementation and practical considerations. Factors that influence the protection of series compensated lines are presented. Implementation examples reported by utilities are summarized as examples of the different situations encountered and the methods used to deal with them. It is observed that many utilities use communication-aided protection in series compensated lines, and distance protection is used with reduced reach. Solutions described in relay manuals are presented to demonstrate the manufacturers’ approaches to problems associated with series capacitor protection. While there are methods to counter voltage inversion, current inversion seems to represent a more serious challenge. A patent overview indicates the trends in this domain to be moving towards time-domain-based faster protection methods.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of combustion engine and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Marek ORKISZ ◽  
Piotr WYGONIK ◽  
Michał KUŹNIAR ◽  
Maciej KALWARA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
In Series ◽  
Propulsion Control ◽  
Propulsion Unit

Comparative analysis of combustion and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere. For the propulsion of the AOS 71 motor glider, two types of propulsion were planned as de-velopment versions. The first analysed propulsion is based on a combustion engine, but of the Wankel type (LCR 814 engine with the power of 55 kW). The second designed propulsion is an hybrid based on a LCR 407 combustion engine with a power of 28 kW, which is connected in series with an electric generator propelling the engine (Emrax 228 engine), total power of the propulsion is 55 kW. The comparison of emissions of harmful compounds emitted to the atmosphere generated by the combustion and hybrid power unit intended for assembly in the AOS 71 motor glider, assuming various loads and methods of hybrid propulsion control, was made. The tests were conducted in laboratory conditions. Several different programs were designed to simulate different energy management methods in a hybrid system, depending on the predicted mission and load of the motor glider. On the basis of laboratory tests, exhaust emission was determined from both propulsions as a function of rotational speed and load. Then, based on the assumed flight trajectory and collected test data, the emission for both propulsions variants was determined. The values of emission parameters were compared and the results were presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions

scholarly journals Braking Control for Improving Ride Comfort

2018 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 02002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonghyup Lee ◽  
Seibum Choi
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
The Moment

While many vehicle control systems focus on vehicle safety and vehicle performance at high speeds, most driving conditions are very low risk situations. In such a driving situation, the ride comfort of the vehicle is the most important performance index of the vehicle. Electro mechanical brake (EMB) and other brake-by-wire (BBW) systems have been actively researched. As a result, braking actuators in vehicles are more freely controllable, and research on improving ride comfort is also possible. In this study, we develop a control algorithm that dramatically improves ride comfort in low risk braking situations. A method for minimizing the inconvenience of a passenger due to a suddenly changing acceleration at the moment when the vehicle is stopped is presented. For this purpose, an acceleration trajectory is generated that minimizes the discomfort index defined by the change in acceleration, jerk. A controller is also designed to track this trajectory. The algorithm that updates the trajectory is designed considering the error due to the phase lag occurring in the controller and the plant. In order to verify the performance of this controller, simulation verification is completed using a car simulator, Carsim. As a result, it is confirmed that the ride comfort is dramatically improved.

Enhanced Early Warning Diagnostic Rules for Gas Turbines Leveraging on Bayesian Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Escobedo ◽  
Liliana Arguello ◽  
Marzia Sepe ◽  
Ilaria Parrella ◽  
Stefano Cioncolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Deep Dive ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Business Application ◽  
Model Training ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The monitoring and diagnostics of Industrial systems is increasing in complexity with larger volume of data collected and with many methods and analytics able to correlate data and events. The setup and training of these methods and analytics are one of the impacting factors in the selection of the most appropriate solution to provide an efficient and effective service, that requires the selection of the most suitable data set for training of models with consequent need of time and knowledge. The study and the related experiences proposed in this paper describe a methodology for tracking features, detecting outliers and derive, in a probabilistic way, diagnostic thresholds to be applied by means of hierarchical models that simplify or remove the selection of the proper training dataset by a subject matter expert at any deployment. This method applies to Industrial systems employing a large number of similar machines connected to a remote data center, with the purpose to alert one or more operators when a feature exceeds the healthy distribution. Some relevant use cases are presented for an aeroderivative gas turbine covering also its auxiliary equipment, with deep dive on the hydraulic starting system. The results, in terms of early anomaly detection and reduced model training effort, are compared with traditional monitoring approaches like fixed threshold. Moreover, this study explains the advantages of this probabilistic approach in a business application like the fleet monitoring and diagnostic advanced services.

Helmholtz Resonance Based Micro Electrostatic Actuators for Compressible Gas Control: A Microjet Generator and a Gas Micro Pump

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanseup Kim ◽  
Khalil Najafi ◽  
Luis P. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Total Power ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Electrostatic Actuators ◽  
Helmholtz Resonance ◽  
Micro Pump ◽  
Resonant Behavior ◽  
In Series ◽  
Instantaneous Pressure ◽  
Gas Molecules

This paper reports Helmholtz-resonance based micro electrostatic actuators to control compressible gaseous fluids in the micro scale. Particularly, it discusses design, fabrication, and testing results of two electrostatic actuators: a micro jet generator and an integrated peristaltic multistage micro pump. These electrostatic actuators vibrate a micro membrane in a micro chamber at a high frequency (>10 kHz), and easily induce the resonant behavior of compressible gases in the chamber. Such resonant behavior, often called the Helmholtz resonance, can repeatedly create instantaneous pressure in equilibrium between the inside and outside of the chamber and cause gas to rapidly exit the chamber, forming a collimated jet. The developed micro jet generator consists of multiple acoustic chambers in parallel; produces directional gas momentum from each chamber by utilizing the Helmholtz resonance; and collectively entrains nearby gas molecules to form a gas stream. The fabricated micro jet generator has a footprint of 1.6 × 1.6 cm2 and contains 25 acoustic micro thrusters. It operates using a 140 V and 70 kHz sinusoidal signal and produces a thrust of 55.6 μN, a maximum air velocity of 1.2 m/s, and consumes power of 3.11 mW. The developed micro pump consists of multiple acoustic chambers in series and produces a high total pressure by accumulating pressures across the multiple chambers, while maintaining high flow rates utilizing the fluidic resonance of each pumping chamber. The fabricated 18-stage pump produces the maximum air flow rate of 4.0 sccm and maximum pressure differentials of 17.5 kPa with total power consumptions of only 57 mW. Its total package volume is 25.1 × 19.1 × 1 mm3. It is notable that these electrostatic actuators, with their actuation membranes, acoustic chambers, fluidic channels, and micro valves, are fabricated into a single silicon chip by developing low temperature wafer bonding techniques to protect the polymer structures inside.

scholarly journals On the moment dynamics of stochastically delayed linear control systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (18) ◽  
pp. 8074-8097
Author(s):  
Henrik T. Sykora ◽  
Mehdi Sadeghpour ◽  
Jin I. Ge ◽  
Dániel Bachrathy ◽  
Gábor Orosz
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Linear Control ◽  
Linear Control Systems ◽  
The Moment

Micro Gas Turbine With Ceramic Nozzle and Rotor

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Matsunuma ◽  
Hiro Yoshida ◽  
Norihiko Iki ◽  
Takumi Ebara ◽  
Satoshi Sodeoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Rotor ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Present System ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Buffer Material ◽  
Inconel 713C

A series of operation tests of a ceramic micro gas turbine has been successfully carried out. The baseline machine is a small single-shaft turbojet engine (J-850, Sophia Precision Corp.) with a centrifugal compressor, an annular type combustor, and a radial turbine. As a first step, an Inconel 713C alloy turbine rotor of 55 mm in diameter was replaced with a ceramic rotor (SN-235, Kyocera Corporation). A running test was conducted at rotational speeds of up to 140,000 rpm in atmospheric air. At this rotor speed, the compression pressure ratio and the thrust were 3 and 100 N, respectively. The total energy level (enthalpy and kinetic energy) of the exhaust gas jet was 240 kW. If, for example, it is assumed that 10% of the total power of the exhaust jet gas was converted into electricity, the present system would correspond to a generator with 24 kW output power. The measured turbine outlet temperature was 950°C (1,740°F) and the turbine inlet temperature was estimated to be 1,280°C (2,340°F). Although the ceramic rotor showed no evidence of degradation, the Inconel nozzle immediately in front of the turbine rotor partially melted in this rotor condition. As a second step, the Inconel turbine nozzle and casing were replaced with ceramic parts (SN-01, Ohtsuka Ceramics Inc.). The ceramic nozzle and case were supported by metal parts. Through tests with the ceramic nozzle, it became evident that one of the key technologies for the development of ceramic gas turbines is the design of the interface between the ceramic components and the metallic components, because the difference between the coefficients of linear thermal expansion of the ceramic and metal produces large thermal stress at their interface in the high-temperature condition. A buffer material made of alumina fiber was therefore introduced at the interface between the ceramic and metal.

Toward Decarbonized Power Generation With Gas Turbines by Using Sequential Combustion for Burning Hydrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko R. Bothien ◽  
Andrea Ciani ◽  
John P. Wood ◽  
Gerhard Fruechtel
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Tuning Parameter ◽  
Stable Combustion ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Mild Reduction ◽  
In Series ◽  
Exit Temperature

Abstract Excess energy generation from renewables can be conveniently stored as hydrogen for later use as a gas turbine fuel. Also, the strategy to sequestrate CO2 from natural gas (NG) will require gas turbines to run with hydrogen-based fuels. In such scenarios, high temperature low emission combustion of hydrogen is a key requirement for the future gas turbine market. Ansaldo Energia's gas turbines featuring sequential combustion have an intrinsic advantage when it comes to fuel flexibility and in particular hydrogen-based fuels. The sequential combustion system is composed of two complementary combustion stages in series: one premix stage followed by an auto-ignited second stage overcoming the limits of traditional premix combustion systems through a highly effective extra tuning parameter, i.e., the temperature between the first and the second stage. The standard constant pressure sequential combustion (CPSC) system as applied in the GT36 engine is tested, at high pressure, demonstrating that a modified operation concept allows stable combustion with no changes in combustor hardware for the whole range of NG and hydrogen blends. It is shown that in the range from 0% to 70% (vol.) hydrogen, stable combustion is achieved at full nominal exit temperature, i.e., without any derating and thus clearly outperforming other available conventional premixed combustors. Operation between 70% and 100% is possible as well and only requires a mild reduction of the combustor exit temperature. By proving the transferability of the single-can high pressure results to the engine, this paper demonstrates the practicality of operating the Ansaldo Energia GT36 H-Class gas turbine on fuels containing unprecedented concentrations of hydrogen while maintaining excellent performance and low emissions both in terms of NOx and CO2.

Worldwide Status of the Marine Gas Turbine: 1970

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor de Biasi ◽  
J. W. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Significant Gain ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Prime Movers

Reviews the world trends since 1966 in the application of gas turbines on both naval and merchant ships. States that the total horsepower increased from 1.9 to 5.8 million in a four-year period, with some 5.5 million horsepower in propulsion. Indicates a definite growth in commercial use from 100,000 to 390,000 hp. Attributes the significant gain in total power due primarily to the availability of proven engines, that are competitive with other prime movers, in the 20,000 hp and above size. Predicts significant increase in use of the marine gas turbine for naval as well as merchant ships when the overall ship, its utilization and supporting shore facilities are considered jointly.

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