A Methodology for the Comprehensive Assessment of International Procurement Costs

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Johnson ◽  
William J. Sawaya ◽  
Malini Natarajarathinam
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Holding Costs ◽  
Illustrative Case Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inventory Holding

As the economy becomes more globalized and competitive, firms are manufacturing goods in a wider variety of locations. This may be to reduce costs by moving to a low cost country or to place production closer to potential customers. What is often lacking in these decisions is a holistic assessment of the costs associated with production location decisions. Too often the assessment is focused only on a limited set of cost factors (e.g., direct manufacturing and shipping) and does not take into account the dynamic nature of some costs. To address these limitations a comprehensive cost model to assess the cost of procuring goods from alternative locations is presented. A methodology is detailed for monetizing the numerous costs associated with international procurement. An illustrative case study analyzing the procurement of goods from two locations in Mexico and one in the US is detailed. Results of the case show that the non-direct manufacturing costs associated with procurement (e.g., inventory holding costs and shipping) can be greater than direct manufacturing costs. The effects of fuel and labor cost sensitively on the alternative locations is also detailed.

scholarly journals An IoT Smart Broiler Farming Model for Low Income Farmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Hazael Phiri ◽  
Douglas Kunda ◽  
Jackson Phiri
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Zigbee Protocol ◽  
Gsm Network ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Broiler House

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">The coming of Internet of things (IoT) brings opportunities for the deploying of wireless sensor networks. One area of deployment is smart poultry farming to improve the quality and security of chicken varieties that include broilers. The quality of broilers produced is dependent on the environment in which the broilers are kept. In addition, the revenue of the farmer is guaranteed if theft of stock is prevented. The current methods farmers use are labour intensive and time consuming as they are manual. Leveraging the features of IoT and sensors can help to monitor the environment and ensure adverse conditions are reported for farmers to take action before they harm the livestock. Incorporating intruder detection when monitoring conditions in the environment can also prevent stock theft and that can increase the income obtained by farmers. For such a system to be widely adopted by low income farmers, the cost should be low compared commercially available climate control systems that are meant for commercial farmers. The system should also provide ease of use for less technically skilled farmers, reduce the time taken by farmers to take action in controlling theft and conditions in the environment and be accessible from any location other than the broiler house. In this paper, we propose a low-cost model that can be used to monitor conditions in the environment of a broiler house and send the values to the farmer in real-time. The proposed model is based on open source microcontrollers, ZigBee protocol, GSM network, mobile applications and cloud computing. </span></p>

scholarly journals Economics of an Additive Manufactured Heat Exchanger for Concentrating Solar Power

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey Ziev ◽  
Erfan Rasouli ◽  
Ines Noelly-Tano ◽  
Ziheng Wu ◽  
Srujana Yarasi Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alternative Current ◽  
The Impact

Developing low cost, high efficiency heat exchangers (HX) for application in concentrated solar power (CSP) is critical to reducing CSP costs. However, the extreme operating conditions in CSP systems present a challenge for typical high efficiency HX manufacturing processes. We describe a process-based cost model (PBCM) to estimate the cost of fabricating an HX for this application using additive manufacturing (AM). The PBCM is designed to assess the effectiveness of different designs, processes choices, and manufacturing innovations to reduce HX cost. We describe HX design and AM process modifications that reduce HX cost from a baseline of$780/kW-thto$570/kW-th. We further evaluate the impact of alternative current and potential future technologies on HX cost, and identify a pathway to further reduce HX cost to$270/kW-th.

scholarly journals Improving Access to Refractive Services in Adults: A Health Examination Center-Based Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishuang Lin ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Nathan Congdon ◽  
Meiping Xu ◽  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Purpose: To assess the potential of a health examination center-based screening model in improving service for uncorrected refractive error.Methods: Individuals aged ≥18 years undergoing the routine physical examinations at a tertiary hospital in the northeast China were invited. Presenting visual acuity, noncycloplegic autorefraction, noncontact tonometry, fundus photography, and slit-lamp examination were performed. Refractive error was defined as having spherical equivalent ≤ -0.75 D or ≥ +1 D and uncorrected refractive error was considered as refractive error combined with presenting visual acuity &lt; 6/12 in the better eye. Costs for the screening were assessed.Results: A total of 5,284 participants (61 ± 14 years) were included. The overall prevalence of myopia and hyperopia was 38.7% (95% CI, 37.4–40.0%) and 23.5% (95% CI, 22.3–24.6%), respectively. The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error was 7.85% (95% CI, 7.13–8.58%). Women (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.003), those with age ≥ 70 years (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.003), and myopia (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001) were at higher risk of uncorrected refractive error and uncorrected refractive error-related visual impairment. Spectacle coverage rate was 70.6% (95% CI, 68.2–73.0%). The cost to identify a single case of refractive error and uncorrected refractive error was US$3.2 and US$25.2, respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is high in the urban Chinese adults. Health examination center-based refractive error screening is able to provide an efficient and low-cost model to improve the refractive services in China.

Make-To-Order Production Planning With Seasonal Supply In Canned Pineapple Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanapath Plangsrisakul ◽  
Tuanjai Somboonwiwat ◽  
Chareonchai Khompatraporn
Keyword(s):  
Production Planning ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Supply Uncertainty ◽  
Make To Order ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Holding Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inventory Holding

This research studies a make-to-order production planning in a canned pineapple industry. Pineapple is a seasonal perishable fruit. Thus, the cost of fresh pineapple which is the main raw material in canned pineapple is inexpensive during its season. The color of the pineapple also determines the price of the canned pineapple. However, the availability of different colors (called “choice” and “standard”) is dependent. Specifically, if the ratio of the choice color is more, the ratio of the other color is less. There are several costs involve such as fresh pineapple cost, can cost, sugar cost, water cost, labor cost, energy cost, and inventory cost. The problem is formulated as a mathematical model to maximize the total profit over four-months planning horizon. Two supply uncertainty cases are tested which are low and high ratios of the choice color. The results show that the profit depends on available color ratios of the pineapple. The production planning is best if it matches with the availability of the color ratios. In certain months, some fresh pineapple purchased exceed the need of the production because of the dependency of the two colors. The inventory holding cost also influences the production decision—whether to produce the canned pineapple in earlier months or it is better to produce only the canned pineapple when it is needed to serve the customer orders.

Response Surface Based Cost Model for Onshore Wind Farms Using Extended Radial Basis Functions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Souma Chowdhury ◽  
Achille Messac ◽  
Luciano Castillo ◽  
Jose Lebron
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Radial Basis Functions ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Basis Functions ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Radial Basis ◽  
The Cost

This paper develops a cost model for onshore wind farms in the U.S.. This model is then used to analyze the influence of different designs and economic parameters on the cost of a wind farm. A response surface based cost model is developed using Extended Radial Basis Functions (E-RBF). The E-RBF approach, a combination of radial and non-radial basis functions, can provide the designer with significant flexibility and freedom in the metamodeling process. The E-RBF based cost model is composed of three parts that can estimate (i) the installation cost, (ii) the annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost, and (iii) the total annual cost of a wind farm. The input parameters for the E-RBF based cost model include the rotor diameter of a wind turbine, the number of wind turbines in a wind farm, the construction labor cost, the management labor cost and the technician labor cost. The accuracy of the model is favorably explored through comparison with pertinent real world data. It is found that the cost of a wind farm is appreciably sensitive to the rotor diameter and the number of wind turbines for a given desirable total power output.

Life Cycle Cost Model of Power Transformer under the New Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 241-244 ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hu ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Rui Ma
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Management Concept ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Management is not only an advanced management concept but also an effective way to achieve the integration of high-efficacy and low-cost assets. In the meantime, the State Grid Corporation promotes the “Large Five” system that novel environment provides new opportunities and challenges to the life cycle cost management. Therefore, this paper puts forward a transformer cycle cost model which adapts to the new environment, combining with new features of the “Large Five” system construction, basing on the whole life cycle cost theory and according to the actual operation of the transformer. It also analyzes the cost composition of transformer’s life cycle and verifies the validity of the transformer cycle cost model which has been put forward in this paper through calculating examples.

scholarly journals A critical review on various feedstocks as sustainable substrates for biosurfactants production: a way towards cleaner production

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swayansu Sabyasachi Mohanty ◽  
Yamini Koul ◽  
Sunita Varjani ◽  
Ashok Pandey ◽  
Huu Hao Ngo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cleaner Production ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe quest for a chemical surfactant substitute has been fuelled by increased environmental awareness. The benefits that biosurfactants present like biodegradability, and biocompatibility over their chemical and synthetic counterparts has contributed immensely to their popularity and use in various industries such as petrochemicals, mining, metallurgy, agrochemicals, fertilizers, beverages, cosmetics, etc. With the growing demand for biosurfactants, researchers are looking for low-cost waste materials to use them as substrates, which will lower the manufacturing costs while providing waste management services as an add-on benefit. The use of low-cost substrates will significantly reduce the cost of producing biosurfactants. This paper discusses the use of various feedstocks in the production of biosurfactants, which not only reduces the cost of waste treatment but also provides an opportunity to profit from the sale of the biosurfactant. Furthermore, it includes state-of-the-art information about employing municipal solid waste as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production, which has not been simultaneously covered in many published literatures on biosurfactant production from different feedstocks. It also addresses the myriad of other issues associated with the processing of biosurfactants, as well as the methods used to address these issues and perspectives, which will move society towards cleaner production.

scholarly journals The integrated uncapacitated lot sizing and bin packing problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natã Goulart ◽  
Thiago Ferreira de Noronha ◽  
Martin Gomez Ravetti ◽  
Mauricio Cardoso de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Bin Packing ◽  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Packing Problem ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Holding Costs ◽  
Bin Packing Problem ◽  
Combinatorial Relaxation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inventory Holding

In the integrated uncapacitated lot sizing and bin packing problem, we have to couple lot sizing decisions of replenishment from single product suppliers with bin packing decisions in the delivery of client orders. A client order is composed of quantities of each product, and the quantities of such an order must be delivered all together no later than a given period. The quantities of an order must all be packed in the same bin, and may be delivered in advance if it is advantageous in terms of costs. We assume a large enough set of homogeneous bins available at each period. The costs involved are setup and inventory holding costs and the cost to use a bin as well. All costs are variable in the planning horizon, and the objective is to minimize the total cost incurred. We propose mixed integer linear programming formulations and a combinatorial relaxation where it is no longer necessary to keep track of the specific bin where each order is packed. An aggregate delivering capacity is computed instead. We also propose heuristics using different strategies to couple the lot sizing and the bin packing subproblems. Computational experiments on instances with different configurations showed that the proposed methods are efficient ways to obtain small optimality gaps in reduced computational times.

scholarly journals Cost-Sharing Requirements for the Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Adults Aged 60+

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Casey R. Tak ◽  
Jaewhan Kim ◽  
Karen Gunning ◽  
Catherine M. Sherwin ◽  
Nancy A. Nickman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Zoster Vaccine ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Cohort Design ◽  
Pharmacy Claims ◽  
The Cost

Background: Rates of zoster vaccination in US adults aged 60+ were approximately 30.6% in 2015. Out-of-pocket cost-sharing has been identified as a major barrier to vaccination for patients. To date, herpes zoster vaccine cost-sharing requirements for adults aged 60 to 64 has not been described. Objective: Compare the cost-sharing requirements for zoster vaccination in adults aged 60 to 64 and adults aged 65+. Methods: A retrospective cohort design examined pharmacy claims for zoster vaccination from the Utah All Payer Claims Database for adults aged 60+. Descriptive statistics and a 2-part cost model compared cost-sharing requirements for adults aged 60 to 64 and adults 65+. Results: Of the 30 293 zoster vaccine claims, 13 398 (45.8%) had no cost-sharing, 1716 (5.9%) had low cost-sharing (defined as $1 to less than $30), and 14 133 (48.3%) had high cost-sharing (defined as $30 or more). In the cost models, adults aged 65+ had higher odds of any cost-sharing (odds ratio = 39.86) and 29% higher cost-sharing as compared with adults aged 60 to 64. Conclusions: Adults aged 60 to 64 encounter lower cost-sharing requirements than adults aged 65+. Providers should be cognizant of this dynamic and encourage zoster vaccination prior to the age of 65.

A Decision Making Model of Laying Mode of Urban Rail Transit

2011 ◽  
Vol 94-96 ◽  
pp. 664-667
Author(s):  
Xing Ju Wang ◽  
Xiao Ming Xi ◽  
Gui Feng Gao ◽  
Jin Jie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Generalized Cost

This study develops a blocked cost model of urban rail transit, which is applied to determine laying mode of urban rail transit. In addition, this model focuses on the laying mode choice of urban rail transit by using quantitative analysis, which is previously discussed by using qualitative analysis. The case of Line No. 1 of Shijiazhuang urban rail transit is given to demonstrate the blocked cost. The results show that the cost of urban rail transit on the ground is 0.372 billion RMB per km and the cost of urban rail transit underground is 1.79 billion RMB per km. The mode on the ground is the best solution due to its low cost. But by analyzing and evaluating generalized cost in which blocked cost has been considered, the mode of urban railway transit underground is the best choice due to 1.79 billion RMB per km compared to 1.91 billion RMB per km on the ground.

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