Data prediction for cases of incorrect data in multi-node electrocardiogram monitoring

The development of a mesh topology in multi-node electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring based on the ZigBee protocol still has limitations. When more than one active ECG node sends a data stream, there will be incorrect data or damage due to a failure of synchronization. The incorrect data will affect signal interpretation. Therefore, a mechanism is needed to correct or predict the damaged data. In this study, the method of expectation-maximization (EM) and regression imputation (RI) was proposed to overcome these problems. Real data from previous studies are the main modalities used in this study. The ECG signal data that has been predicted is then compared with the actual ECG data stored in the main controller memory. Root mean square error (RMSE) is calculated to measure system performance. The simulation was performed on 13 ECG waves, each of them has 1000 samples. The simulation results show that the EM method has a lower predictive error value than the RI method. The average RMSE for the EM and RI methods is 4.77 and 6.63, respectively. The proposed method is expected to be used in the case of multi-node ECG monitoring, especially in the ZigBee application to minimize errors.

Modeling and Fault Tolerance Analysis of ZigBee Protocol in IoT Networks

This paper presents the essence of IoT (Internet of Things) works and design challenges, discusses its principles of operation, and presents IoT development concepts. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) was characterized in detail as an essential component of IoT infrastructure. The various faults that can occur at all levels of the IoT architecture, such as sensor nodes, actuators, network links, as well as processing and storage components clearly demonstrate that fault-tolerance (FT) has become a key issue for IoT systems. A properly applied routing algorithm has a direct impact on the power consumption of sensors, which in extreme cases is the reason why nodes shut down due to battery degradation. To study the fault tolerance of IoT infrastructure, a ZigBee network topology was created, and various node failure scenarios were simulated. Furthermore, the results presented showed the impact and importance of choosing the right routing scheme, based on the correlation of throughput to the number of rejected packets, as well as the proportionality of the value of management traffic to the other including the ratio of rejected packets.

Security and Privacy for Edge-Assisted Internet of Things Security Proof for the SKKE Protocol

As an Internet of things (IoT) technology, the ZigBee has a wide range of applications in home automation, smart energy, commercial building automation, personal, home and hospital care, telecom, and wireless sensor. The ZigBee standard has the advantage of high reliability, which is based on the security of authentication key agreement protocol, namely, the SKKE protocol. In the ZigBee standard, this protocol based on shared symmetric-key is applied on the security protocol level. It is a full symmetric-key key agreement with key confirmation scheme, while the key confirmation mechanism is provided by a message authentication coding mechanism. In this paper, we consider the security of the SKKE protocol. In the random Oracle model, we reduce the security of the SKKE protocol to the collision of the hash function and the HMAC function and the indistinguishability between the output of the random Oracle and a random number. We also give a theoretical proof with the game-based method. To our knowledge, there is no research on the provable security of the ZigBee protocol at this stage, so it is helpful to promote further research of the ZigBee protocol security.

Model Routing Data pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) Berbasis Jaringan Sensor Nikabel (JSN)

Pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro adalah salah satu sumber energi listrik terbarukan saat ini dengan memanfaatkan tenaga air berskala kecil untuk penggeraknya. PLTMH pada umumnya memiliki ruang kontrol yang berada jauh dengan sistemnya, sehingga dibutuhkan suatu sistem monitoring. Penggunaan sistem monitoring berbasis nirkabel menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dengan proses pengiriman informasi yang cepat dan mudah. Penelitian ini merancang suatu model routing data dengan perancangan hardware dan software pada komunikasi data. Sistem dibangun menggunakan mikrokontroller arduino dan komunikasi frekuensi Xbee dengan protocol zigbee. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai macam topologi yaitu topologi pair, star, mesh, tree, dan x dalam model routing data baik dalam lingkungan indoor maupun lingkungan outdoor. Hasil yang didapat berdasarkan pengujian pada lingkungan indoor menunjukan Xbee tetap dapat mengirim dalam ruangan yang memiliki penghalang dengan jarak 21m, sedangkan pada pengujian outdoor, Xbee dapat tetap mengirim dengan jarak maksimum 120.5m menggunakan model topologi x. Berdasarkan semua pemodelan yang telah dilakukan, topologi x merupakan model yang dianggap paling berhasil walaupun memiliki kelemahan dalam tingkat kerapihan penerimaan data namun dari tingkat keamanannya ketika terjadi masalah dengan salah satu node, topologi x masih memiliki jalur lain untuk dapat mengirimkan data ke penerima. Micro hydropower plant is one of the current renewable electrical energy by making use of small-scale water power for propulsion. MHPP generally has a control room that was away with the system, so we need a monitoring system. The use of wireless-based monitoring systems into one solution to overcome these problems with the delivery process information quickly and easily. Therefore, we designed a model of routing data by designing hardware and software in data communication comprising Arduino microcontroller and Xbee frequency communication with ZigBee protocol. Testing is done by using a variety of topologies, namely topology pair, star, mesh, tree, and x in the model routing of data in both the indoor and outdoor environment. The results obtained by testing the indoor environment is Xbee can still send in a room that had a barrier at a distance of 21m, while the outdoor testing Xbee can still send more than the maximum distance delivery Xbee 70.5m in research that is by using the model topology x. Based on all the modeling that has been done, topology x is the model that is considered the most successful even though it has weaknesses in the level of data reception tidiness. But the level of security has the advantage that when there is a problem with one of the nodes, the x topology still has another path to be able to send data to the receiver.

STUDY AND EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON THE IEEE 802.15.4 / ZIGBEE PROTOCOL

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are considered as one of the most promising modern technologies in the field of wireless communication for embedded systems, where WSNs support a large number of applications in many fields. There are many standard WSN communication protocols, for example: WiFi, Bluetooth, WiMax, wireless HART, ZigBee, etc. In this paper, we are studying the possibility of designing and researching WSN based on the IEEE802.15.4 / ZigBee protocol for monitoring the state of production equipment (3D printer) in a small industrial workshop. A model of a sensor network in OMNeT++ environment with various work scenarios is presented. To assess the efficiency of the constructed network, we analyze the obtained results of energy consumption and packet loss.

Smart Home IoT System by Using RF Energy Harvesting

IoT system becomes a hot topic nowadays for smart home. IoT helps devices to communicate together without human intervention inside home, so it is offering many challenges. A new smart home IoT platform powered using electromagnetic energy harvesting is proposed in this paper. It contains a high gain transmitted antenna array and efficient circularly polarized array rectenna system to harvest enough power from any direction to increase lifetime of the batteries used in the IoT system. Optimized energy consumption, the software with adopting the Zigbee protocol of the sensor node, and a low-power microcontroller are used to operate in lower power modes. The proposed system has an 84.6-day lifetime which is approximately 10 times the lifetime for a similar system. On the other hand, the proposed power management circuit is operated at 0.3 V DC to boost the voltage to ~3.7 V from radio frequency energy harvesting and manage battery level to increase the battery lifetime. A predictive indoor environment monitoring system is designed based on a novel hybrid system to provide a nonstatic plan, approve energy consumption, and avoid failure of sensor nodes in a smart home.

Distributed Fault Diagnosis System based on Wireless Sensor Networks

This article presents the development of a distributed fault diagnosis and monitoring system whose remote nodes are responsible for data collection and distributed analysis to identify problems that could lead to critical faults in industrial processes or systems. The developed intelligent remote node was implemented with MCU LPCXpresso54114 connected to a ZigBee protocol wireless sensor network through XBee communication module. The gateway node is a Raspberrry PI with HTTP communication and JSON format to the PI System industrial monitoring system database. Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) was implemented and validated to identify interturn faults of induction motors. The developed platform is a tool to perform comparison and validation of analysis techniques, indicators, and fault classification, because there are different combinations that can be applied to improve diagnosis reliability, fault observability, differentiation between fault conditions, classification accuracy, tolerance to transients, sensitivity, among others.