scholarly journals A critical review on various feedstocks as sustainable substrates for biosurfactants production: a way towards cleaner production

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swayansu Sabyasachi Mohanty ◽  
Yamini Koul ◽  
Sunita Varjani ◽  
Ashok Pandey ◽  
Huu Hao Ngo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cleaner Production ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe quest for a chemical surfactant substitute has been fuelled by increased environmental awareness. The benefits that biosurfactants present like biodegradability, and biocompatibility over their chemical and synthetic counterparts has contributed immensely to their popularity and use in various industries such as petrochemicals, mining, metallurgy, agrochemicals, fertilizers, beverages, cosmetics, etc. With the growing demand for biosurfactants, researchers are looking for low-cost waste materials to use them as substrates, which will lower the manufacturing costs while providing waste management services as an add-on benefit. The use of low-cost substrates will significantly reduce the cost of producing biosurfactants. This paper discusses the use of various feedstocks in the production of biosurfactants, which not only reduces the cost of waste treatment but also provides an opportunity to profit from the sale of the biosurfactant. Furthermore, it includes state-of-the-art information about employing municipal solid waste as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production, which has not been simultaneously covered in many published literatures on biosurfactant production from different feedstocks. It also addresses the myriad of other issues associated with the processing of biosurfactants, as well as the methods used to address these issues and perspectives, which will move society towards cleaner production.

Waste management in primary healthcare centres of Iran

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Mesdaghinia ◽  
Kazem Naddafi ◽  
Amir Hossein Mahvi ◽  
Reza Saeedi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Healthcare Waste ◽  
Waste Management Practices

The waste management practices in primary healthcare centres of Iran were investigated in the present study. A total of 120 primary healthcare centres located across the country were selected using the cluster sampling method and the current situation of healthcare waste management was determined through field investigation. The quantities of solid waste and wastewater generation per outpatient were found to be 60 g outpatient—1 day—1 and 26 L outpatient—1 day— 1, respectively. In all of the facilities, sharp objects were separated almost completely, but separation of other types of hazardous healthcare solid waste was only done in 25% of the centres. The separated hazardous solid waste materials were treated by incineration, temporary incineration and open burning methods in 32.5, 8.3 and 42.5% of the healthcare centres, respectively. In 16.7% of the centres the hazardous solid wastes were disposed of without any treatment. These results indicate that the management of waste materials in primary healthcare centres in Iran faced some problems. Staff training and awareness, separation of healthcare solid waste, establishment of the autoclave method for healthcare solid waste treatment and construction of septic tanks and disinfection units in the centres that were without access to a sewer system are the major measures that are suggested for improvement of the waste management practices.

A Methodology for the Comprehensive Assessment of International Procurement Costs

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Johnson ◽  
William J. Sawaya ◽  
Malini Natarajarathinam
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Holding Costs ◽  
Illustrative Case Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inventory Holding

As the economy becomes more globalized and competitive, firms are manufacturing goods in a wider variety of locations. This may be to reduce costs by moving to a low cost country or to place production closer to potential customers. What is often lacking in these decisions is a holistic assessment of the costs associated with production location decisions. Too often the assessment is focused only on a limited set of cost factors (e.g., direct manufacturing and shipping) and does not take into account the dynamic nature of some costs. To address these limitations a comprehensive cost model to assess the cost of procuring goods from alternative locations is presented. A methodology is detailed for monetizing the numerous costs associated with international procurement. An illustrative case study analyzing the procurement of goods from two locations in Mexico and one in the US is detailed. Results of the case show that the non-direct manufacturing costs associated with procurement (e.g., inventory holding costs and shipping) can be greater than direct manufacturing costs. The effects of fuel and labor cost sensitively on the alternative locations is also detailed.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE DE ECONOMETRIA DE DOIS SISTEMAS NATURAIS DE TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA NA SUINOCULTURA

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Paulo Jasper ◽  
Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini ◽  
Marco Antonio Martin Biaggioni ◽  
Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Stabilization Pond ◽  
Economy Of Scale ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Wetland System

Análise DE economEtria de dois sistemas naturais de tratamento de água residuária na suinocultura Samir Paulo Jasper1; Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini2; Marco Antônio Martin Biaggioni1; Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira3; Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra21Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sp, [email protected] de Gestão e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sp3Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia de Bauru, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, Sp 1        RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver uma análise econométrica comparativa entre os sistemas de alagados construídos (tipo combinado) e lagoas de estabilização (modelo facultativa) em função de seis tamanhos de granjas de terminação de suínos e dois tipos de manejos aplicados nos dejetos (úmido x seco). Os resultados mostraram que o sistema de alagados construídos, operando com manejo seco dos dejetos foi o que apresentou melhores resultados econômicos, devido aos menores custos anuais de implantação, tanto por animal, como por quilograma de carne produzida, além disso, neste sistema houve uma menor necessidade de área para tratamento de dejetos. A alternativa de adoção de lagoas facultativas com manejo úmido resultou em menores custos anuais de implantação, por suíno e por quilograma de carne produzida, mas demanda maiores áreas para implantação. Em ambos os sistemas de tratamento de água residuária a análise econométrica indicou economia de escala. UNITERMOS: Alagados construídos, lagoas de estabilização, análise econômica.  JASPER, S. P.; ESPERANCINI, M. S. T.; BIAGGIONI, M. A. M.; OLIVEIRA, E. L. de; GUERRA, S. P. S. Econometric analysis of two natural pig waste water treatment systems  2        ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to develop a detailed econometric analysis to compare a constructed wetland system – combined model, and a waste stabilization pond system - facultative pond, as a function of six different sizes of finishing pig farms and two waste management systems - wet and dry. The constructed wetland system using dried waste management showed the best economic results. This finding is due to the low-cost implementation a year both   per animal and per kilogram of   meat. This system also required the smallest area for waste treatment. The use of stabilization pond with wet waste management system showed a lower implementation cost a year per animal and per kilogram of   meat, but it required large areas. The econometric analysis of both systems of wastewater treatment revealed an economy of scale. KEY WORDS: constructed wetland, stabilization pond, econometric analysis

scholarly journals Prospects for environmentally safe mechanical biological treatment of municipal solid waste in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 255 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Yuliia Makovetska ◽  
Tetiana Omelianenko ◽  
Alla Omelchenko
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Biological Waste Treatment

Improving waste management is currently one of the priorities for Ukraine in the environmental safety. EU experience in the use of mechanical biological waste treatment technologies should be applied now in connection with the development and implementation of Regional Waste Management Plans in Ukrainian regions. The aim of the paper is to analyse the benefits and the preconditions of using mechanical biological waste treatment technologies in Ukraine, as well as barriers that may hinder the construction of mechanical biological waste treatment plants. The analysis of the eight drafts of the Regional Waste Management Plans showed that the mechanical biological waste treatment technologies market is free in Ukraine and the best option for the regions where there are cement plants operating is production of solid recovered fuel. Such types of projects could be affordable for Ukrainians with the cost recovery period more than 8 years. On the other hand there are significant obstacles of economic, organizational and technological nature to their immediate implementation i.e. low rates on waste disposal tax, partly compliance on air emissions monitoring system, absence of necessary standards etc. The priority actions to speed up mechanical biological waste treatment technologies implementation have been defined.

scholarly journals An overview of the waste management system in Tembalang District, Semarang City

2021 ◽  
Vol 894 (1) ◽  
pp. 012044
Author(s):  
I W Wardhana ◽  
M A Budihardjo ◽  
T Istirokhatun ◽  
N Ikhlas ◽  
I Fadhilah
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
The People ◽  
Dump Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Environmental Agency

Abstract It is necessary to observe and evaluate the performance of the authorized institutions, in particular, related to the sub-unit of the Environmental Agency, which manages the technical aspects (UPTD) and the five aspects of waste management to achieve better service to the people of Tembalang District. The UPTD is responsible for technical operations, including transporting domestic waste using arm roll and dump trucks, managing the cost budget plan, and supervising waste collection at waste collection site. Tembalang District has a minimum waste generation of 156 m3/day with a generation rate of 0.814 l/person/day and a maximum of 216 m3/day with a generation rate of 1.217 l/person/day. The implementation of the five management aspects in Tembalang District still needs to be evaluated from the operational, technical, and community participation aspects. This situation is related to the segregation and sorting of waste that has not been carried out, independent processing that has not gone well, and activities at the landfill that are not suitable. The community participation, public awareness, and concern for waste problems are still low where the independent waste management through waste treatment facility partnerships and waste banks are possible to do.

The Production of Titanium Alloy Powder

2013 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
J.C. Withers ◽  
V. Shapovalov ◽  
R. Storm ◽  
R.O. Loutfy
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Alloy Powder ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Metallothermic Reduction ◽  
One Step ◽  
Gas Blowing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Titanium alloy powder provides manufacturing variants to produce a variety of titanium intermediate materials and final products. However, titanium alloy powder is quite expensive at fifteen to thirty times the cost of sponge thus limiting the utilization of titanium powder to produce titanium products. The standard state-of-the-art processing to produce alloy powder results in very high cost of alloy powder. Three new processes have been demonstrated to produce titanium alloy powder at a cost of only 2-5 times the typical cost of sponge. The processes are (1) one step melting of sponge/alloying and gas blowing alloy powder, (2) metallothermic reduction of mixed chloride precursors to produce alloy powder and (3) electrolytic reduction in a fused salt of mixed alloying (TiCl4-AlCl3-VCl4) chlorides. These processes have beeSubscript textn demonstrated to produce low cost titanium alloy powder which can serve as feeds for the variant manufacturing processes to produce low cost titanium products.

scholarly journals FAST Pre-Filtering-Based Real Time Road Sign Detection for Low-Cost Vehicle Localization

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoungtaek Choi ◽  
Jae Kyu Suhr ◽  
Ho Gi Jung
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Position Estimation ◽  
The State ◽  
Vehicle Localization ◽  
Localization System ◽  
Road Sign ◽  
The Cost

In order to overcome the limitations of GNSS/INS and to keep the cost affordable for mass-produced vehicles, a precise localization system fusing the estimated vehicle positions from low-cost GNSS/INS and low-cost perception sensors is being developed. For vehicle position estimation, a perception sensor detects a road facility and uses it as a landmark. For this localization system, this paper proposes a method to detect a road sign as a landmark using a monocular camera whose cost is relatively low compared to other perception sensors. Since the inside pattern and aspect ratio of a road sign are various, the proposed method is based on the part-based approach that detects corners and combines them to detect a road sign. While the recall, precision, and processing time of the state of the art detector based on a convolutional neural network are 99.63%, 98.16%, and 4802 ms respectively, the recall, precision, and processing time of the proposed method are 97.48%, 98.78%, and 66.7 ms, respectively. The detection performance of the proposed method is as good as that of the state of the art detector and its processing time is drastically reduced to be applicable for an embedded system.

scholarly journals Towards remote healthcare monitoring using accessible IoT technology: state-of-the-art, insights and experimental design

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Coulby ◽  
A. Clear ◽  
O. Jones ◽  
F. Young ◽  
S. Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Environmental Analysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Remote Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Monitoring ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Healthcare studies are moving toward individualised measurement. There is need to move beyond supervised assessments in the laboratory/clinic. Longitudinal free-living assessment can provide a wealth of information on patient pathology and habitual behaviour, but cost and complexity of equipment have typically been a barrier. Lack of supervised conditions within free-living assessment means there is need to augment these studies with environmental analysis to provide context to individual measurements. This paper reviews low-cost and accessible Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with the aim of informing biomedical engineers of possibilities, workflows and limitations they present. In doing so, we evidence their use within healthcare research through literature and experimentation. As hardware becomes more affordable and feature rich, the cost of data magnifies. This can be limiting for biomedical engineers exploring low-cost solutions as data costs can make IoT approaches unscalable. IoT technologies can be exploited by biomedical engineers, but more research is needed before these technologies can become commonplace for clinicians and healthcare practitioners. It is hoped that the insights provided by this paper will better equip biomedical engineers to lead and monitor multi-disciplinary research investigations.

scholarly journals Multi-response optimization of the stabilization/solidification process of industrial hazardous waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e144942997
Author(s):  
Sayeny de Avila Gonçalves ◽  
Rafaela Cristina Sanfelice ◽  
Kassia Graciele dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Cellulose Pulp ◽  
Response Optimization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Central Composite

Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) is an important technique used in waste treatment, due its low cost and easily processing. The aim of this study was to optimize and standardize the S/S process in a Brazilian company. The packing of the dangerous residue was done using a mixture of different solidifying agents, such as: clayey soil; superabsorbent polymer (SAP)/cellulose pulp (fluff) and sanding powder. It was evaluated the effect of different amount of solidifying agent over the volume of packed mixture, the final moisture and the cost of the S/S process, using a Central Composite Design.  The results showed a minimum cost for the S/S operation of R$ 192.89/ton of liquid waste, using about 71.69 tons of clay soil for each ton of untreated residue, allowing a highly packed residue with a moisture up to 20% (w.b.).

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