Towards Combining Digitization Techniques in the Generation of Reverse Engineering Data Sets

Industrial Applications ◽

Data Sets ◽

Error Characterization ◽

Abstract Reverse engineering (RE), may be defined as the process of generating computer aided design models (CAD) from existing or prototype parts. The process has been used for many years in industry. It has markedly increased in implementation in the past few years, primarily due to the introduction of rapid part digitization technologies. Current industrial applications include CAD model construction from artisan geometry, such as in automotive body styling, the generation of custom fits to human surfaces, and quality control. This paper summarizes the principles of operation behind many commercially available part digitization technologies, and discusses techniques involved in part digitization using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and laser scanner. An overall error characterization of the laser scanning digitization process is presented for a particular scanner. This is followed by a discussion of the merits and considerations involved in generating combined data sets with characteristics indicative of the design intent of specific part features. Issues in facilitating the assembly, or registration, of the different types of data into a single point set are discussed.

Outside In

Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2009-aug-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 131 (08) ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

Jean Thilmany

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Physical Object ◽

3D Cad ◽

Engineering Software ◽

Design Engineers ◽

Computer Aided ◽

This article discusses reverse engineering software is slowly changing the way design engineers do their everyday jobs. With the pervasiveness of computer-aided design packages, reverse engineering technology has become a practical tool to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part. This model is then available to be used in 3D CAD, computer-aided manufacturing, or other computer-aided engineering applications. The reverse engineering process needs hardware and software that work together. The hardware is used to measure an object, and the software reconstructs it as a 3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies such as a coordinate measuring machine, laser scanner, structured light digitizer, or computed tomography. The wider accessibility of handheld-laser scanners and portable CMMs like the one used at Excel Foundry means more companies can afford reverse engineering for their own unique ends. The scanner has turned out to be equally useful for engineering and for local archeological and preservation projects; and so far, it has been used to help preserve endangered artifacts.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture ◽

Reverse Engineering of Quadric Surfaces Employing Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning

10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_056_02 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 208 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

C Bradley ◽

G W Vickers ◽

M Milroy

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Complex Surface ◽

Free Form ◽

Surface Patches ◽

Measuring Machine ◽

Free Form Surfaces

A software package for the reverse engineering of surface forms commonly found in manufactured objects is presented. An object's surface is digitized using a three-dimensional, laser-based scanner that produces accurate and copious data files. Complex surface forms are reconstructed by interactively segmenting the multiple-surface patches, invoking the appropriate surface modelling routine and transferring the resulting surfaces to a CAD package via a standard IGES entity. Examples of the accuracy of the laser scanner data, and software algorithms for modelling planes, cylinders, cones and spheres, are presented by performing comparisons with results generated by a coordinate measuring machine. The paper concentrates on the novel software process to model the principal quadric forms; however, the program's capabilities do extend to free-form surfaces.

Automatic Coordinate Measuring Machine Inspection

Volume 1: 25th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc99/dac-8700 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

V. A. Albuquerque ◽

F. W. Liou ◽

S. Agarwal ◽

O. R. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Path Planning ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Prototype Development ◽

Development Cycle ◽

Inspection Process ◽

Measuring Machine ◽

Aided Design ◽

Point Placement

Abstract In many industrial applications, such as product prototype development, automation of inspection process can greatly improve product quality and product development cycle, time. This paper discusses a development of a vision aided automatic inspection using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). We seek to integrate the flexibility afforded by computer vision systems with the precision of numerically controlled coordinate measuring machines to achieve a fully automatic and reliable inspection of the industrial parts. The 3-D design information and part specification from computer-aided design file is used for inspection point placement and CMM path planning. The proposed system demonstrates that optimal collision-free inspection paths can be efficiently generated for geometrically complex parts consisting of multiply intersecting features. This is made possible by using iterative subdivision of surfaces for point placement coupled with, efficient 3-D collision avoidance and path planning. The paper discusses different algorithms used, and presents experimental results.

Experimental Investigation of Wing Accuracy Quantification using Point Cloud and Surface Deviation

Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.51846/vol4iss2pp13-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 13-20

Author(s):

Mehmood Ahmad ◽

Sheharyar Nasir ◽

Zia Ur Rahman ◽

Shuaib Salamat ◽

Umar Sajjad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Data Acquisition ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Surface Generation ◽

Free Form ◽

Cad Model ◽

3D Cad ◽

Deviation Analysis ◽

A rapidly advancing lean production industry demands quick manufacturing solutions with greater precision and accuracy. This paper proposes a framework for the accurate quantification of a die-casted wing using laser scanning and reverse engineering technique. In this technique, the wing upper and lower surfaces are scanned using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). This scanned data is then imported into CAD software to generate the surface using Free Form Reverse Engineering (FFRE). The model fitness test patronizes the curve fitting used for the surface generation. The generated surface and the original 3D CAD model are investigated using deviation analysis for inaccuracies originating due to manufacturing and data acquisition. The wing is further analyzed by the point data to 3D CAD model deviation analysis. The methodology adopted significantly minimizes the data acquisition and data processing error allowing deviation to be solely traced back to the manufacturing technique.

Application of Coordinate Measuring Machine in Reverse Engineering

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.269 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 301-303 ◽

pp. 269-274

Author(s):

Da Peng Li

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Automatic Measurement ◽

Control Program ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Digital Model ◽

Computer Aided ◽

In this paper, application of coordinate measuring machine(CMM) in reverse engineering(RE) of product was introduced. Reverse engineering had become a viable method to create a digital model of an existing physical part and to duplicate it. The reverse engineering process involves measuring an object，reconstructing its point cloud as a digital model and rapidly machining it. Application of obtaining point cloud using CMM was presented in reconstructing the digital model of a shoes tree. Rapid duplicate of a severely worn cam of textile machinery was realized by contact measuring profile points using CMM. Reconstructing the digital model and locally modifying the computer model in computer aided design (CAD) software. Finally, numerical control program was finished in computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software. Automatic measurement close freeform curve function of CMM decreased the workload of picking up data of cam profile. Experimental results showed using CMM can greatly save time and alleviate intension of labour.

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

FINE REGISTRATION OF KILO-STATION NETWORKS - A MODERN PROCEDURE FOR TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING DATA SETS

10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-485-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B5 ◽

pp. 485-492

Author(s):

J.-F. Hullo

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Data Sets ◽

Data Set ◽

Information Models ◽

3D Network ◽

Laser Scanners ◽

Building Information ◽

Set Up ◽

Fine Registration

We propose a complete methodology for the fine registration and referencing of kilo-station networks of terrestrial laser scanner data currently used for many valuable purposes such as 3D as-built reconstruction of Building Information Models (BIM) or industrial asbuilt mock-ups. This comprehensive target-based process aims to achieve the global tolerance below a few centimetres across a 3D network including more than 1,000 laser stations spread over 10 floors. This procedure is particularly valuable for 3D networks of indoor congested environments. In situ, the use of terrestrial laser scanners, the layout of the targets and the set-up of a topographic control network should comply with the expert methods specific to surveyors. Using parametric and reduced Gauss-Helmert models, the network is expressed as a set of functional constraints with a related stochastic model. During the post-processing phase inspired by geodesy methods, a robust cost function is minimised. At the scale of such a data set, the complexity of the 3D network is beyond comprehension. The surveyor, even an expert, must be supported, in his analysis, by digital and visual indicators. In addition to the standard indicators used for the adjustment methods, including Baarda’s reliability, we introduce spectral analysis tools of graph theory for identifying different types of errors or a lack of robustness of the system as well as <i>in fine</i> documenting the quality of the registration.

TECHNIQUE OF AUTOMATIC MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA FILTERING

Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) ◽

10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-3-5-19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 5-19

Author(s):

Maxim A. Altyntsev ◽

◽

Hamid Majid Saber Karkokli ◽

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Single Point ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Digital Terrain Model ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Automatic Generation ◽

Data Filtering ◽

Terrain Model ◽

Digital Terrain ◽

Filtration Technique

The result of laser scanning is an array of laser points. The generation of a single point cloud in a given coordinate system is carried out during the registration process at the stage of preliminary field data processing. At this stage it is also often necessary to filter the data. Laser points with an erroneous position are eliminated during the data filleting. The number of erroneous laser points is determined by the of the laser scanner characteristics, surveyed area peculiarities and weather conditions. The devel-opment of methods and algorithms for filtering laser scanning data is carried out based on the analysis of the laser point spatial position and a certain set of additional characteristics, such as intensity value, echo signal, color value. The technique of mobile laser scanning data filtering for the territory of the road passing among the forest and close to individual industrial facilities and building. The main goal of the proposed filtration technique is to obtain data for automatic generation of an accurate digital terrain model. The filtration technique was developed for data acquired under the least favorable con-ditions – in wet weather. Accuracy estimation of generating digital terrain model based on filtered data was carried out.

3D DIGITIZING TECHNOLOGY IN PRODUCT REVERSE DESIGN

Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA) ◽

10.24908/pceea.v0i0.3966 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qingjin Peng ◽

Hector Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Shape Recovery ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Cost Effective ◽

3D Shape ◽

3D Data ◽

Cost Effective Approach ◽

Measuring Machine ◽

And Performance

The reverse design develops new products based on the improvement of existing products. The shape recovery of three-dimensional (3D) objects is the basis of the product reverse design. 3D digitization technology is an important tool for the 3D shape recovery. This paper analyses the current 3D data acquisition technology. The accuracy and performance of the 3D laser scanner is evaluated. A cost-effective approach is proposed to recover 3D shape of objects using a structured-light technique. Details of the proposed method are described. Application examples are presented. The accuracy is evaluated using a coordinate measuring machine.

Methodology for evaluate the form deviations for formula one nose car

Open Engineering ◽

10.2478/s13531-013-0158-x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul Bere ◽

Calin Neamtu

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

3D Scanning ◽

Cad Model ◽

3D Laser Scanning ◽

Formula One ◽

Dimensional Deviation ◽

AbstractThe paper presents a measuring strategy for a Formula One car using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and a 3D laser scanning devices. The measurement procedures outlined the dimensional deviation of the CAD model and prototype made of composite material. The authors present two methods for the determination of symmetry for components of a Formula One car based on measuring and 3D scanning.

Performance Investigation of CMM Measurement Quality Using Flick Standard

Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/960649 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Salah H. R. Ali

Keyword(s):

Measurement Errors ◽

Scanning Speed ◽

Data Sets ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

Roundness Error ◽

Application Range ◽

Evaluation Algorithm ◽

Measuring Machine ◽

High Level

Quality of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) in dimension and form metrology is designed and performed at the NIS. The experimental investigation of CMM performance is developed by using reference Flick standard. The measurement errors of corresponding geometric evaluation algorithm (LSQ, ME, MC, and MI) and probe scanning speed (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm/s) are obtained through repeated arrangement, comparison, and judgment. The experimental results show that the roundness error deviation can be evaluated effectively and exactly for CMM performance by using Flick standard. Some of influencing quantities for diameter and roundness form errors may dominate the results at all fitting algorithms under certain circumstances. It can be shown that the 2 mm/s probe speed gives smaller roundness error than 1, 3, 4, and 5 mm/s within 0.2 : 0.3 μm. It ensures that measurement at 2 mm/s is the best case to satisfy the high level of accuracy in the certain condition. Using Flick standard as a quality evaluation tool noted a high precision incremental in diameter and roundness form indication. This means a better transfer stability of CMM quality could be significantly improved. Moreover, some error formulae of data sets have been postulated to correlate the diameter and roundness measurements within the application range. Uncertainty resulting from CMM and environmental temperature has been evaluated and confirmed the quality degree of confidence in the proposed performance investigation.