Introduction to a Type of Resin-Reinforced Rapid Prototyping Transtibial Socket

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
J. T. Chen ◽  
W. C. Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Prosthetic Socket

This article introduced a type of rapid prototyping (RP) transtibial socket that is fabricated by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine and wrapped with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) to enhance its flexural strength. As current rapid prototyping machines use a layer-based process to manufacture products, this will result in RP products liable to break along forming layers once bending moment is applied. To prevent RP prosthetic socket from breakage, this study proposed wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin around a preliminary thin RP socket to reinforce its flexural strength. Factors affecting the strength of the resin-reinforced RP socket include thickness and forming orientation of the preliminary RP socket, thickness of the UPR layer, and type of material used to make the preliminary RP socket. Employing Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test standard, the parameters that influence the flexural strength of the resin-reinforced RP prosthetic socket can be determined. Based on the appropriate parameters, including thickness of the RP layer and UPR layer, the RP material and RP fabricating orientation, the preliminary thin RP prosthetic sockets can be fabricated by an FDM machine. And the thin layer preliminary RP sockets were then wrapped with cotton socks and laminated UPR layer to form resin-reinforced RP sockets. To confirm the effectiveness of the resin-reinforced sockets developed in this study, the pressures at residual limb/socket interface were measured by using a pressure distribution measurement system and movement was captured by a motion analysis system while a patient wears the resin-reinforced RP socket. Two resin-reinforced RP sockets have been fabricated and tested by a volunteer amputee. Analysis of the experimental results would assist a prosthetist to assess the distribution of interface pressures at the pressure-tolerant (PT) and pressure-relief (PR) areas of the residual limb. And, the gait pattern will be used to evaluate the applicability while the resin-reinforced RP socket is worn. Trial uses for durability test of the proposed RP socket are being arranged.

scholarly journals The Development of a Rapid Prototyping Prosthetic Socket Coated with a Resin Layer for Transtibial Amputees

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
D. Y. Hong ◽  
S. H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Transtibial Amputees

This article proposes a type of transtibial socket composed of an inner layer fabricated by a rapid prototyping (RP) machine and an outer layer coated with unsaturated polyester resin. This work integrates contemporary technologies including a handheld scanner and CAD systems, to design a thin primary socket shape and then manufactures the socket using a fused deposition-modeling machine. To prevent breakage caused by the layer-based forming process and to reinforce flexural strength, the current research coats the preliminary RP socket with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin. After shaping the proximal brim of the resin-reinforced RP socket to match the specific stump, this study assembles and aligns a shank and a prosthetic foot to form a prosthesis set. After completing a trial safety walk wearing the prosthesis, which is satisfactory to the amputee and a registered prosthetist, this research measures interface pressures between the stump and the resin-reinforced RP socket. Experiment results demonstrate that the resin-reinforced RP socket is applicable for transtibial amputees. In addition to strengthening the FDM socket and producing consistent socket fit, this study also demonstrates a feasible procedure that employs current technologies to design and manufacture transtibial sockets without plaster moulds.

Investigation Into the Flexural Strength of a Material for Resin-Reinforced Rapid Prototyping Transtibial Sockets

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
J. T. Chen ◽  
H. S. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Taguchi Experimental Design ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Experimental Design Method

This investigation employed Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test to determine the parameters that influence the flexural strength of a material composed of a thin layer fabricated by a rapid prototyping (RP) machine and coated with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Since current rapid prototyping machines use a layer-based process to manufacture products, this will result in RP products liable to break along forming layers when bending load is applied. A type of resin-reinforced RP transtibial socket is proposed to strengthen the flexural strength so that the abrupt collapse can be prevented if a transtibial prosthetic socket made by an RP machine. This study proposed wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin around a preliminary thin RP socket manufactured by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine to reinforce its flexural strength. Factors affecting the strength of the resin-reinforced RP socket include thickness and forming orientation of the preliminary RP socket, thickness of the UPR layer, and type of material used to make the preliminary RP socket. Employing Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test standard, the parameters that influence the flexural strength of the resin-reinforced RP prosthetic socket can be determined. Based on the appropriate parameters, including thickness of the RP layer and UPR layer, the RP material and RP fabricating orientation, the preliminary thin RP prosthetic sockets can be fabricated by an FDM machine. And the thin layer preliminary RP sockets were then wrapped with cotton socks and laminated UPR layer to form resin-reinforced RP sockets. To confirm the effectiveness of the resin-reinforced sockets developed in this study, a volunteer subject with unilateral left below-knee amputation is recruited to implement the experiment. The pressures at residual limb/socket interface were measured by using a pressure distribution measurement system and movement was captured by a motion analysis system while a volunteer patient wears the resin-reinforced RP socket. The experimental results demonstrated that the applicability of the proposed type of material and a resin-reinforced RP transtibial socket has been verified. A prosthetist may use the interface pressures exerting on stump and gait pattern during walking to assess the suitability of this type of RP socket based on clinical expertise. Further trial use and more subjects are needed to validate the durability of the proposed RP socket.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Structural Characterization of Cured-in-Place Pipe Liner with Reinforced Glass Fiber Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2073
Author(s):  
Hyon Wook Ji ◽  
Dan Daehyun Koo ◽  
Jeong-Hee Kang
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Short And Long Term

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), as a kind of trenchless sewer rehabilitation technology, is a method to repair sewer pipe using unsaturated polyester resin. This study develops a CIPP liner using hot water or steam curing as well as glass fiber, in contrast to traditional methods, which use nonwoven fabric. Composite material samples were fabricated by combining liner materials using various methods, and the structural characteristics of the liners were compared and analyzed through short- and long-term flexural strength tests. A long-term test was conducted for 10,000 h, and the results revealed 13.3 times higher flexural strength and 8 times higher flexural modulus than the American Society for Testing Materials minimum criteria for CIPP short-term properties. The maximum creep retention factor was 0.64, thereby reducing the design thickness of the CIPP by up to 54%. The structural characteristics also improved when glass fibers were mixed with traditional CIPP liner, making it possible to reduce the thickness by 30%. Glass fibers result in high structural strength when combined with unsaturated polyester resin. Structural strength increased, even when glass fibers were mixed with traditional CIPP liner. The main contribution of this research is the development of a high strength CIPP liner and improvement of the structural properties of CIPP lining without using the specially formulated resin or lining materials.

Creep behaviour monitoring of short-term duration for fiber-glass reinforced composite cross-arms with unsaturated polyester resin samples using conventional analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7361-7368
Author(s):  
A. N. Johari ◽  
M.R. Ishak ◽  
Z. Leman ◽  
M.Z.M. Yusoff ◽  
M.R.M. Asyraf
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Furnace Chamber ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Private Company

The leading objective of this experimental study is to perform a Short-term Creep Testing on samples (coupon test) obtained from a private company in order to learn the durability of the Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) material with and without Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) on the applied cross-arm application according to ASTM E139. Through the method of flexural test jig (three point bending test) along with the usage of the furnace chamber HK160, samples then examined with initial temperature of 30°C until it breaks down. Result has been evaluated using conventional method for predicting the life-long purpose of the samples for future reference and analysis. The configurations or the patterns of the failure through (conventional) method recorded for short term test inside HK160 Chamber furnace fails at temperature of 120°C for samples without CaCO3 the samples fails and crack. Therefore, the samples with due to the material of UPE with FRP in a bar shape are said to have Ultimate Temperature for Failure of 120°C. Further details are crucial for advance analysis in the future research purposes.

Wood Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) Hybrid Cross-Section Used to Improve the Structural Behavior of Timber Beams

2013 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina E. Lanivschi ◽  
Emanuela Decher
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Hybrid Cross

Composite systems used for increasing the load bearing capacity of timber structural elements are of special interest for engineers, basically because of their beneficial weight/strength ratio. By creating a hybrid cross section composed of wood and interposed GFRP lamellae, the improvement of wood limited elastic properties may be achieved, considering the compatibility between composite materials matrix, thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, and wood. The main objective of the paper is to carry out an experimental study on the technical solution represented by associating these two materials with similar structures, both pertaining to the class of composites reinforced with long fibres and bonded, for the case of wood by lignin and hemicelluloses and for the case of GFRP by unsaturated polyester resin. The experimental program consists in performing the bending test of timber beam type structural elements, considering two types of cross-sections, the first being composed by joining three timber boards of 25x100x1900 mm by aid of screws and the second, with wood/GFRP hybrid cross-section, having the same number of timber boards as specified above joined together by two 3...5x100x1900 mm GFRP interposed lamellae. Determination of some physical and mechanical properties, in the laboratories of Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, Iasi, Romania and the obtained results are comparatively presented for the two types of tested beams, the final step of the paper consisting in optimizing the technology involved for execution of the hybrid structural element.

Flexural Properties of FDM Prototypes Made with Honeycomb and Sparse Structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Gajdoš ◽  
Ľuboš Kaščák ◽  
Emil Spišák ◽  
Ján Slota
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Geometrical Shape ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Rp Process ◽  
Build Time ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Complicated Geometry

The rapid prototyping (RP) process is capable of building parts of any complicated geometry in least possible time without incurring extra cost due of absence of tooling. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a fast growing RP technology due to its ability to build functional parts having complex geometrical shape in reasonable time period. The quality of built parts depends on many process variables. The presented study focus on assessment of mechanical property flexural strength of part fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. The 3-point bending test was used, to determine flexural strength. Samples were made of polycarbonate on Fortus 400 mc machine from polycarbonate with slice height 0.127mm. The experiment was focused on influence of air-gap size between fibers and number of outline contours on selected mechanical properties of FDM prototypes determined 3-point bending test. The results show possibility to obtain weight reduction in printed parts with sparse structure with sufficient flexural strength and with reduced build time, compared to structure printed with default machine setting,. To obtain optimal processing parameters for 3D printing prototypes, it is necessary to execute further experiments, which could verify gathered results.

The Influence of an Infill Density, Percent on the Flexural Strength of the 3D

2020 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Nuha Hadi Jasim Al Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

3D printing innovation, as a quick prototyping, utilize plastic or metal as the crude material to print the genuine parts layer by layer. In this way, it is likewise called added substance producing procedure. Contrasted and conventional assembling innovation, 3D printing innovation has evident points of interest in assembling items with complex shapes and structures. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most broadly utilized 3D printing advances. Fibers of thermoplastic materials, for example, polylactic acid is for the most part utilized as crude materials. The present examination will concentrate on the effect of the infill density, percent on the flexural strength of polylactic acid. Bending test was performed on different infill density, percent of specimens. According to ASTM D638.14 standards, samples for testing are made in different infill density, percent (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %) by using a polylactic acid in 3D machine printing and their tensile tested and the parameters include different fill density, layer high of 0.1 mm , 0.2mm and 0.3 have an effect on the mechanical characterized while the time of printing the sample would be increased with increasing of fill density%. The tensile strength of polylactic acid samples was found at different fill density and a layer thickness. According to test measuring results that the tensile strength, maximum 47.1,47.4, and 48 MPa at 30%,40%,and 50% fill density respectively and 0.1mm height layer and the tensile strength minimum at 60% and 70 % fill density and 0.1 mm height layer thickness. The higher strength results as higher layer thickness 0.3 mm as compared with 0.1 and 0.2 at 30%fill density.

The Application of Rapid Prototyping for the Design and Manufacturing of Transtibial Prosthetic Socket

2008 ◽  
Vol 594 ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.H. Hsu ◽  
G.F. Huang ◽  
C.T. Lu ◽  
C.W. Lai ◽  
Y.M. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Quality Uncertainty ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Deposition Modeling

This study aims to employ the technology of rapid prototyping for the development of a process that is to assist a prosthetist for easily designing and manufacturing a prosthetic socket for specific transtibial amputee. Currently, the production of prosthetic socket still depends on prosthetists’ skills and expertise. To improve its tedious process, quality uncertainty, and lack of experienced prosthetists, the benefits of using rapid prototyping (RP) technology together with computer-aided systems will be expecting goals. This article demonstrated the feasibility of producing RP sockets using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine, and a prototype system that allows a prosthetist to easily design prosthetic sockets has been developed. This proposed computer-aided engineering process, which is plaster-free method, is expected to replace the manual process of conventional approach of fabricating prosthetic sockets. Furthermore, since thin-layer RP socket is easily broken, coating a resin layer on RP socket to enforce its strength is underway.

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