Measuring the Losses of Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors: A Critical Review of ISO4409:2007

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Achten ◽  
Robin Mommers ◽  
Takao Nishiumi ◽  
Hubertus Murrenhoff ◽  
Nariman Sepehri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Steady State Performance

Abstract ISO 4409 is the most important international standard for measuring the efficiency of hydraulic pumps and motors, the latest edition being 4409:2007. The standard describes methods for determining the steady-state performance in terms of overall efficiency. It also defines equations for calculating the volumetric efficiency of pumps and motors. The hydro-mechanical efficiency is only defined for motors, not for pumps. This paper analyses the efficiency and losses of pumps and motors in an alternative way. The preference is on loss analysis instead of efficiencies. Especially the effects of the bulk modulus are considered in a different and more inclusive manner. The new methodology results in a higher total loss for motor and a lower total loss for pumps than the current ISO 4409 standard. Furthermore, it results in significant changes of the hydro-mechanical and volumetric losses. The differences between the new methodology and ISO 4409 become larger for high load pressures. The new methodology demands knowledge about the minimum volume of the displacement chamber. The ratio between this volume and the full displacement of a single displacement chamber strongly influences the hydro-mechanical and volumetric losses of the pump or motor. The new methodology is valid for all positive displacement hydrostatic pumps and motors. The volumetric efficiency, as defined in ISO 4409, can still be used as a flow rate factor, but should not be regarded as an energy conversion efficiency. The importance of adopting the proposed methodology is further demonstrated by analyzing and comparing the measurement data about a fixed displacement pump and motor, showing the differences in the loss analysis by means of ISO 4409 and the new equations. The methodology, observations and validation results presented in this paper are significant and can pave the road for improving the current ISO 4409:2007 standard, which would ultimately benefit the industry.

Meaningful and Physically Consistent Efficiency Definition for Positive Displacement Pumps - Continuation of the Critical Review of ISO 4391 and ISO 4409

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schänzle ◽  
Peter F. Pelz
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Dead Volume ◽  
Specific Enthalpy ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
The Common ◽  
Isentropic Efficiency ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract ISO 4391:1984 gives the common efficiency definition for positive displacement machines. ISO 4409:2019 uses this efficiency definition to specify the procedure for efficiency measurements. If the machine conditions do not correspond with an incompressible flow due to operation at high pressure levels, the compressibility of the fluid and the dead volume of a pump must be taken into account. On this point, ISO 4391:1984 is physically inconsistent. Achten et. al. address this issue in their paper at FPMC 2019 presenting a critical review of ISO 4409:2007. They introduce new definitions of the overall efficiency as well as the mechanical-hydraulic efficiency. At the same time, they question the validity of the volumetric efficiency definition. Li and Barkei continue on this issue in their paper at FPMC 2020 and give a new efficiency definition based on the introduction of a new quantity Φ which describes the volume specific enthalpy of the conveyed fluid. The motivation of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing and fruitful discussion. Our approach starts with the most general efficiency definition, namely the isentropic efficiency. Subsequently, we make assumptions concerning the fluid properties with respect to the compressibility of the conveyed fluid. On the basis of the ideal cycle of a positive displacement pump and the p-v diagram, we derive physically consistent and more meaningful representations of the overall, the mechanical-hydraulic and the volumetric efficiency that address the inconsistency of ISO 4391:1984. Furthermore, we compare our findings with the existing results of Achten et. al. and Li and Barkei.

scholarly journals Use of the K-Nearest Neighbour Classifier in Wear Condition Classification of a Positive Displacement Pump

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6247
Author(s):  
Jarosław Konieczny ◽  
Jerzy Stojek
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Nearest Neighbour Classifier ◽  
Wear Condition

This paper presents a learning system with a K-nearest neighbour classifier to classify the wear condition of a multi-piston positive displacement pump. The first part reviews current built diagnostic methods and describes typical failures of multi-piston positive displacement pumps and their causes. Next is a description of a diagnostic experiment conducted to acquire a matrix of vibration signals from selected locations in the pump body. The measured signals were subjected to time-frequency analysis. The signal features calculated in the time and frequency domain were grouped in a table according to the wear condition of the pump. The next step was to create classification models of a pump wear condition and assess their accuracy. The selected model, which best met the set criteria for accuracy assessment, was verified with new measurement data. The article ends with a summary.

scholarly journals Development tendencies of clearance compensation methods in internal gear pumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Piotr Osiński ◽  
Michał Stosiak ◽  
Paweł Bury ◽  
Rafał Cieślicki ◽  
Krzysztof Towarnicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Gear Pumps ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Internal Gear

Contemporary gear pumps, although their design has been under development for over four centuries, keep being modernized and improved. The work presents an analysis of design solutions, taking into account their operational features. The analysis included units with internal mesh. Emphasis was put on the problem of ensuring high values of volumetric efficiency by minimizing leakage in the widest possible range of loads while maintaining the highest possible hydraulic and mechanical efficiency of the displacement unit. Increasing the volumetric efficiency of positive displacement pumps is an important factor in the pursuit of increase in working pressures in hydrostatic systems. An important factor in production of pumps is cost of their production, which often leads to possibility of introducing additional modifications in the pump structure. Often changes made to the materials used in construction of pumps, allow reduction in their mass or sensitivity to the action of the transported liquid. The paper indicates the developed and proprietary solutions in this area and presents the results of experimental research.

Soil/Tire Interaction Analysis Using FEM and FVM

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Oida ◽  
E. Seta ◽  
H. Heguri ◽  
K. Kato
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Elastoplastic Material ◽  
The Road ◽  
Soil Flow

Abstract Vehicles, such as an agricultural tractor, construction vehicle, mobile machinery, and 4-wheel drive vehicle, are often operated on unpaved ground. In many cases, the ground is deformable; therefore, the deformation should be taken into consideration in order to assess the off-the-road performance of a tire. Recent progress in computational mechanics enabled us to simulate the large scale coupling problem, in which the deformation of tire structure and of surrounding medium can be interactively considered. Using this technology, hydroplaning phenomena and tire traction on snow have been predicted. In this paper, the simulation methodology of tire/soil coupling problems is developed for pneumatic tires of arbitrary tread patterns. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM) are used for structural and for soil-flow analysis, respectively. The soil is modeled as an elastoplastic material with a specified yield criterion and a nonlinear elasticity. The material constants are referred to measurement data, so that the cone penetration resistance and the shear resistance are represented. Finally, the traction force of the tire in a cultivated field is predicted, and a good correlation with experiments is obtained.

Light-duty single and multi-shaft boosting and compounding studies with in-cylinder insulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 146808742098058
Author(s):  
Peter Andruskiewicz ◽  
Russell Durrett ◽  
Venkatesh Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Kushal Narayanaswamy ◽  
Paul Najt
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Expansion Process ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Brake Power ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Insight Into

A set of two-cylinder engine concepts utilizing a supercharger and piston- or turbine-compounding were compared to a turbocharged engine modeled with a consistent methodology developed in previous works. In-cylinder insulation was added to each of the engines to evaluate the effects on performance. The goals of this simulation were to utilize energy that otherwise would be bypassed around the turbine side of a turbocharger and redirect it to the crankshaft, as well as to redirect energy that would previously have entered the coolant into the exhaust gases where it could be reclaimed by a second expansion process. Gains in performance and efficiency were thoroughly analyzed to provide insight into the magnitudes and mechanisms responsible. It was found that the second expansion process from exhaust-compounding was able to significantly improve engine performance at moderate to high loads, as well as compensate for the loss in volumetric efficiency that accompanies in-cylinder insulation. The piston-compounded single-shaft DCDE was able to outperform the turbocharged multi-shaft DCDE at mid to high loads, and in maximum brake power due to the low losses in the coupled nature of the second expansion, while the turbine-compounded engine suffers higher losses due to the turbomachinery mismatch with the positive displacement power cylinders.

Analysis of Deep Sea Umbilical in Steep Wave Configuration

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akash A. Nair ◽  
Gnanaraj A. Anbu ◽  
Panneer Selvam Rajamanickam ◽  
Gopakumar Kuttikrishnan ◽  
Ramadass Gidugu Ananda
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Mining Machine ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Static And Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Umbilical Cable ◽  
Steep Wave ◽  
Mother Ship

Deep sea mining is mineral retrieval process that takes place on the ocean floor wherein global industries are actively exploring and experimenting of different techniques in this relatively new concept of mining for extracting it economically from depths of 5000–5500 m below the ocean’s surface. National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), India has been working on a mining concept for ∼6000 m water depth where a crawler based mining machine collects, crushes and pumps nodules to the mother ship using a positive displacement pump through a flexible riser (umbilical) system. The umbilical also serve as the weight supporting member for the miner and pump. In this paper, static and dynamic analysis of the umbilical system in steep wave configuration and the miner is carried out using ORCAFLEX for launching and touchdown conditions. Three different materials are considered and the best suitable material for umbilical is selected as the first step based on the tension. Then umbilical with Single Miner System is analyzed for the launching and touchdown conditions. Based on the analysis the optimum number and spacing of buoyancy tanks that will keep the stresses within the allowable limits in the umbilical cable are recommended.

Study on Electromagnetic Vibration Pump

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 312-315
Author(s):  
Zhan Xiong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Electromagnetic Vibration ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Small Flow ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Low Specific Speed ◽  
Specific Speed

Electromagnetic vibration pump is one type of first proposed new household positive displacement pump.It is mainly used to transport water and other low viscosity liquid. It has many advantages including small flow, high head, simple structure,good self-priming performance. Electromagnetic driving method was combined with displacement pump in vibration pump for the first time. Its specific speed can reach below 10,and this is a breakthrough in super-low specific speed pump design. The working principle of electromagnetic vibration pump and its performance were studied in the paper. each of these problems is further discussed and explained in order to point out the research field for the development of electromagnetic vibration pump later.

scholarly journals SHEET PILE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR LANDSLIDE ON THE CITY BOUNDARY’S ROADS SECTIONS OF TANAH GROGOT-LOLO KUARO, TANAH GROGOT DISTRICT, PASER REGENCY, TANA PASER

CERUCUK ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Nitasari ◽  
Markawie Markawie
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Sheet Pile ◽  
The Road ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The City

In Tanah Grogot district, precisely on the KM 6 road which is the city boundary roads of Tanah Grogot City-Lolo Kuaro it has an important role as the only access for road users. Because at the side of the roads does not have a drainage channel, resulting in water overflowing and the seepage flowed on the surface, causing a landslide. The length of the landslides is 50 meters, with a width of 5.5 meters and the highest height is 9.6 meters. The result of this landslide is very disturbing for the road users. The delivery of goods and services can not be accommodated properly. Therefore, it is expected that this path must be handled properly, so the road can be functioning again safely and comfortably. How to handle this problem is by making a design of retaining walls construction which is safe in form of sheet pile.The planning for this anchored sheet pile begins with analyzing the secondary data in form of data sondir, laboratory data, and topographic measurement data. This then followed by the calculation of the forces acting on the sheet pile, the calculation of moments in the sheet pile, the calculation of the carrying capacity of the pile on the anchor, capacity calculations for the mast against a lateral load, and the slope stability analysis using GeoStudio2007 application. After that designing the sheet pile construction, tierod, the pile, planning the budget, and makes the Detail Engineering Design (DED).From the planning, the profile of concrete sheet pile obtained is CCSP W-500-A-1000 with a total length of the sheet pile is 12.2 meters. On tierod using dimensions of 6.32 m long with a diameter of 5 cm. On the pile is using a steel pipe with a diameter of 40 cm which penetrated into 10 m depth. For the stability of the slope with the reinforcement of piles obtained SF = 5.5> 1.25, which can be said as safe.Keywords:  designing sheet pile, anchored sheet pile, steel pipe piles.

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