Application of Continuous Combustion Dynamics Monitoring on Large Industrial Gas Turbines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Sewell ◽  
Pete Sobieski ◽  
Craig Beers
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Spectral Signatures ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Transition Piece ◽  
Component Failures

This paper presents results from continuous monitoring of combustion dynamics and its application in determining the health of combustion system hardware. A number of 180 MW class large industrial gas turbines operating on natural gas have been instrumented with a continuous Combustor Dynamics Monitoring (CDM) for each combustion chamber. Tuning considerations for emissions, stability and extended combustion parts life is discussed. Physical inspection of engine hardware is correlated with spectral and supervisory engine data to determine signatures in the combustion chambers that represent damaged or failing hardware. This methodology can also be used to identify potentially harmful operational profiles. Spectral examples of a pilot nozzle and transition piece failures are presented. Monitoring and recognizing the differences in spectral signatures associated with stability and component failures suggests better understanding of combustion dynamics contribution to combustor parts wear and reduction in downstream damage.

Numerical Procedure for the Investigation of Combustion Dynamics in Industrial Gas Turbines: LES, RANS and Thermoacoustics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rofi ◽  
Giovanni Campa ◽  
Vyacheslav Anisimov ◽  
Federico Daccá ◽  
Edoardo Bertolotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
Acoustic Instabilities

The necessity for a combustion system to work with premixed flames and its capability to cope with rapid load variations avoiding the occurrence of thermo-acoustic instabilities, has led to investigate the complex dynamic phenomena that occur during combustion. Thanks to numerical simulations it is possible to examine these complex mechanisms getting useful information to optimize the combustion system. The aim of this work is to describe a numerical procedure developed in Ansaldo Energia for the investigation of combustion dynamics occurring in Ansaldo Energia gas turbines. In this paper, firstly the experimental apparatus of a full scale atmospheric test rig equipped with Ansaldo Energia burner is described. Secondly, the flame behavior is studied by means of a Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Once the LES has reached a statistically stationary state, a forcing is added to the system to compute the Flame Transfer Function (FTF), in terms of amplitude n and delay time τ, related to initial phases of humming. Thirdly, the forced flame simulations are used as the input of an Helmholtz solver to analyze the acoustic behavior of the system, which is then compared to experimental data. Finally, to evaluate the feasibility of a less computationally intensive approach, a RANS simulation of the same configuration is described and the results are transferred to FEM (Finite Element Method) Helmholtz solver: a comparison between the LES approach and the RANS approach is carried out with reference to the experimental data.

Condition Monitoring of Combustion System on Industrial Gas Turbines Based on Trend and Noise Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Miguel Martínez-García ◽  
Mike Garlick ◽  
Anthony Latimer ◽  
Samuel Cruz-Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Experimental Trials

In this paper, a scheme of an ‘early warning’ system is developed for the combustion system of Industrial Gas Turbines (IGTs), which attains low computational workload and simple programming requirements, being therefore employable at an industrial level. The methodology includes trend analysis, which examines when the measurement shows different trends from the other measurements in the sensor group, and noise analysis, which examines when the measurement is displaying higher levels of noise compared to those of the other sensors. In this research, difficulties encountered by other data-driven methods due to temperature varying with load conditions of the IGT’s have also been overcome by the proposed approach. Furthermore, it brings other advantages, for instance, no historic training data is needed, and there is no requirement to set thresholds for each sensor in the system. The efficacy and effectiveness of the proposed approach has been demonstrated through experimental trials of previous pre-chamber burnout cases. And the resulting outcomes of the scheme will be of interest to IGT companies, especially in condition monitoring of the combustion system. Future work and possible improvements are also discussed at the end of the paper.

7H™ Combustion System Performance With Fuel Moisturization

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Feigl ◽  
Geoff Myers ◽  
Stephen R. Thomas ◽  
Raub Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
Cycle Efficiency ◽  
Full Pressure

This paper describes the concept and benefits of the fuel moisturization system for the GE H System™ steam-cooled industrial gas turbine. The DLN2.5H combustion system and fuel moisturization system are both described, along with the influence of fuel moisture on combustor performance as measured during full-scale, full-pressure rig testing of the DLN2.5H combustion system. The lean, premixed DLN2.5H combustion system was targeted to deliver single-digit NOx and CO emissions from 40% to 100% combined cycle load in both the Frame 7H (60 Hz) and Frame 9H (50 Hz) heavy-duty industrial gas turbines. These machines are also designed to yield a potential combined-cycle efficiency of 60 percent or higher. Fuel moisturization contributes to the attainment of both the NOx and the combined-cycle efficiency performance goals, as discussed in this paper.

Investigation of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas Flames in a SGT-700/800 Burner Using OH PLIF and Chemiluminescence Imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lantz ◽  
Robert Collin ◽  
Marcus Aldén ◽  
Annika Lindholm ◽  
Jenny Larfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Flame Front ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Burner Exit ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure Measurements

The effect of hydrogen enrichment to natural gas flames was experimentally investigated at atmospheric pressure conditions using flame chemiluminescence imaging, planar laser-induced fluorescence of hydroxyl radicals (OH PLIF), and dynamic pressure monitoring. The experiments were performed using a third generation dry low emission (DLE) burner used in both SGT-700 and SGT-800 industrial gas turbines from Siemens. The burner was mounted in an atmospheric combustion test rig at Siemens with optical access in the flame region. Four different hydrogen enriched natural gas flames were investigated; 0 vol. %, 30 vol. %, 60 vol. %, and 80 vol. % of hydrogen. The results from flame chemiluminescence imaging and OH PLIF show that the size and shape of the flame was clearly affected by hydrogen addition. The flame becomes shorter and narrower when the amount of hydrogen is increased. For the 60 vol. % and 80 vol. % hydrogen flames the flame has moved upstream and the central recirculation zone that anchors the flame has moved upstream the burner exit. Furthermore, the position of the flame front fluctuated more for the full premixed flame with only natural gas as fuel than for the hydrogen enriched flames. Measurements of pressure drop over the burner show an increase with increased hydrogen in the natural gas despite same air flow thus confirming the observation that the flame front moves upstream toward the burner exit and thereby increasing the blockage of the exit. Dynamic pressure measurements in the combustion chamber wall confirms that small amounts of hydrogen in natural gas changes the amplitude of the dynamic pressure fluctuations and initially dampens the axial mode but at higher levels of hydrogen an enhancement of a transversal mode in the combustion chamber at higher frequencies could occur.

Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Siemens Dry Low Emissions Combustors: Atmospheric and High Pressure Rig Testing

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
John P. Wood ◽  
Eoghan R. Buchanan ◽  
Pete Martin ◽  
Victoria E. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Measured Probability ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Atmospheric and high pressure rig tests were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel to power industrial gas turbines in one of the world’s leading dry low emissions (DLE) combustion systems, the SGT-100. At the same conditions, tests were also carried out for mineral diesel to provide reference information to evaluate biodiesel as an alternative fuel. In atmospheric pressure rig tests, the likelihood of the machine lighting was identified based on the measured probability of the ignition of a single combustor. Lean ignition and extinction limits at various air temperatures were also investigated with different air assist pressures. The ignition test results reveal that reliable ignition can be achieved with biodiesel across a range of air mass flow rates and air fuel ratios (AFRs). In high pressure rig tests, emissions and combustion dynamics were measured for various combustor air inlet pressures, temperatures, combustor wall pressure drops, and flame temperatures. These high pressure rig results show that biodiesel produced less NOx than mineral diesel. The test results indicate that the Siemens DLE combustion system can be adapted to use biodiesel as an alternative fuel without major modification.

Modeling and Control of Combustion Dynamics in Industrial Gas Turbines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith McManus ◽  
Fei Han ◽  
Wayne Dunstan ◽  
Corneliu Barbu ◽  
Minesh Shah
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Pressure Oscillation ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Persistent Excitation ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

The thermoacoustic response of an industrial-scale gas turbine combustor to fuel flow perturbations is examined. Experimental measurements in a laboratory combustor along with numerical modeling results are used to identify the dynamic behavior of the combustor over a variety of operating conditions. A fast-response actuator was coupled to the fuel system to apply continuous sinusoidal perturbations to the total fuel mass flow rate. The effects of these perturbations on the combustor pressure oscillation characteristics as well as overall operability of the system are described. The results of this work suggest that persistent excitation of the fuel system may present a viable means of controlling combustion dynamics in industrial gas turbine and, in turn, enhance their performance.

Dry, Low Emissions for the ‘H’ Heavy-Duty Industrial Gas Turbines: Full-Scale Combustion System Rig Test Results

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Myers ◽  
Dan Tegel ◽  
Markus Feigl ◽  
Fred Setzer ◽  
William Bechtel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Inlet Conditions

The lean, premixed DLN2.5H combustion system was designed to deliver low NOx emissions from 50% to 100% load in both the Frame 7H (60 Hz) and Frame 9H (50 Hz) heavy-duty industrial gas turbines. The H machines employ steam cooling in the gas turbine, a 23:1 pressure ratio, and are fired at 1440 C (2600 F) to deliver over-all thermal efficiency for the combined-cycle system near 60%. The DLN2.5H combustor is a modular can-type design, with 14 identical chambers used on the 9H machine, and 12 used on the smaller 7H. On a 9H combined-cycle power plant, both the gas turbine and steam turbine are fired using the 14-chamber DLN2.5H combustion system. An extensive full-scale, full-pressure rig test program developed the fuel-staged dry, low emissions combustion system over a period of more than five years. Rig testing required test stand inlet conditions of over 50 kg/s at 500 C and 28 bar, while firing at up to 1440 C, to simulate combustor operation at base load. The combustion test rig simulated gas path geometry from the discharge of the annular tri-passage diffuser through the can-type combustion liner and transition piece, to the inlet of the first stage turbine nozzle. The present paper describes the combustion system, and reports emissions performance and operability results over the gas turbine load and ambient temperature operating range, as measured during the rig test program.

Development of a Catalytic Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbines

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke H. Cowell ◽  
Matthew P. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Load Conditions

A catalytic combustion system for advanced industrial gas turbines is under long tern development employing recent advances in catalyst and materials technologies. Catalytic combustion is a proven means of burning fuel with single digit NOx emissions levels. However, this technology has yet to be considered for production in an industrial gas turbine for a number of reasons including: limited catalyst durability, demonstration of a system that can operate over all loads and ambient conditions, and market and cost factors. The catalytic combustion system will require extensive modifications to production gas turbines including fuel staging and variable geometry. The combustion system is composed of five elements: a preheat combustor, premixer, catalyst bed, part load injector and post-catalyst combustor. The preheat combustor operates in a lean premixed mode and is used to elevate catalyst inlet air and fuel to operating temperature. The premixer combines fuel and air into a uniform mixture before entering the catalyst. The catalyst bed initiates the fuel-air reactions, elevating the mixture temperature and partially oxidizing the fuel. The part load injector is a lean premixed combustor system that provides fuel and air to the post-catalyst combustor. The post-catalyst combustor is the volume downstream of the catalyst bed where the combustion reactions are completed. At part load conditions a conventional flame bums in this zone. Combustion testing is on-going in a subscale rig to optimize the system and define operating limits. Short duration rig testing has been completed to 9 atmospheres pressure with stable catalytic combustion and NOx emissions down to the 5 ppmv level. Testing was intended to prove-out design elements at representative full load engine conditions. Subscale combustion testing is planned to document performance at part-load conditions. Preliminary full-scale engine design studies are underway.

On Line Fault Detection and Isolation in Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Medina ◽  
Doris Saez ◽  
Roberto Roman
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Fault Detection And Isolation ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Base Function ◽  
Swirl Angle ◽  
On Line

This work presents the development of a new model for the exhaust gas temperature based on both basis function expansion and the Brayton cycle. This model is a function of the power generated, ambient temperature, compression rate, and the temperature of each combustion chamber. This last temperature is unknown, but could be estimated. The model basis functions also include the spatial distribution of the combustion chamber and exhaust gases swirl angle surface. Thus, based on the gas path in the turbine, each base function of the model is related to a particular combustion chamber. This is the main assumption that allows solving the fault detection and isolation problem in gas turbines at the level of combustion chambers. As a result of the model identification at every instant, there is a group of coefficients, which are associated to each combustion chamber. From these coefficients, it is possible to generate signals that can be analyzed with statistical techniques and also with wavelets to detect abrupt changes in its behavior.

Development and Application of Industrial Gas Turbines for Medium-Btu Gaseous Fuels

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Meier ◽  
W. S. Y. Hung ◽  
V. M. Sood
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternate Fuels

This paper describes the successful development and application of industrial gas turbines using medium-Btu gaseous fuels, including those derived from biodegradation of organic matters found in sanitary landfills and liquid sewage. The effects on the gas turbine and its combustion system of burning these alternate fuels compared to burning high-Btu fuels, along with the gas turbine development required to use alternate fuels from the point of view of combustion process, control system, gas turbine durability, maintainability and safety, are discussed.

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