Combustion Characteristics of Methane-CO2 Mixture and a Microturbine Cogeneration System Utilized Sewage Digester Gas

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Kataoka ◽  
Teruyuki Nakajima ◽  
Takahiro Nakagawa ◽  
Nobuhiko Hamano ◽  
Saburo Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Peripheral Equipment ◽  
Cogeneration System

This paper describes an approach to utilize sewage digester gas as a fuel for gas turbines. Sewage digester gas is composed of about 60% methane and 39% carbon dioxide. To apply it as a gas turbine fuel requires optimizing the combustion system to improve the combustion efficiency, flame-holding characteristics, etc. This paper presents an approach whereby a mass-produced microturbine and its peripheral equipment can be converted for such application with a minimum of modification and without the use of extraordinary combustors. The approach is described whereby a recuperative cycle microturbine having rich-burn, quick-mix, lean-burn (RQL) combustor is started up with a high-Btu fuel and the fuel is switched to digester gas when the inlet-air has been preheated to 600K or higher. This approach has proven that reliable starting, stable operation from idling to the rated power output, and efficiency equivalent to that obtained with a high-Btu fuel, can be achieved by the microturbine utilizing sewage digester gas.

Gas Turbine Combustion of a Minimally Cleaned, Coal-Derived Low-BTU Gas

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Blanton ◽  
Daniel P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustion

As part of the joint GE/DoE Water-Cooled Components Test Program,1 a series of tests were performed involving the combustion of a minimally cleaned low-Btu coal gas in a pressurized gas turbine simulator. The fuel gas was produced in a 1-ton/hr advanced fixed-bed gasifier using Illinois #6 coal, and filtered of particulate in a full-pressure, full-temperature cyclone separator. The resulting product had a gross heating value of approximately 5000 kJ/kg at a temperature of 540 °C and a pressure of 22 bar. Numerous contaminants also remained in the fuel gas, including approximately 100 ppmw particulate matter (coal dust of 3 μm average size), 2000–4000 ppmv ammonia, 2000–2500 ppmv H2S, and 0.5–1.0% vaporized tars, oils, phenols, and other condensible hydrocarbons. The fuel gas was burned with air at 6–7 bar pressure and 400 °C temperature in a gas turbine combustion system at overall fuel-air ratios up to 0.25 (overall equivalence ratio 0.36). Gaseous emissions were sampled in the exhaust stream and measurements made for O2, CO2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, and SOx. The CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were both below 20 ppmv at full firing conditions, indicating acceptable combustion efficiency. The NOx levels measured were up to 500 ppmv, and were due to the of conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen (ammonia principally). The SOx emissions directly followed the oxidation of fuel-bound sulfur (H2S principally). At part-load conditions, emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons were observed to increase, as expected. Stable operation was maintained down to a combustion system temperature rise of approximately 350 °C.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Fault Detection Methods for Gas Turbine Combustion Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Jinfu Liu ◽  
Zhenhua Long ◽  
Mingliang Bai ◽  
Linhai Zhu ◽  
Daren Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustion

As one of the core components of gas turbines, the combustion system operates in a high-temperature and high-pressure adverse environment, which makes it extremely prone to faults and catastrophic accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the combustion system to detect in a timely way whether its performance has deteriorated, to improve the safety and economy of gas turbine operation. However, the combustor outlet temperature is so high that conventional sensors cannot work in such a harsh environment for a long time. In practical application, temperature thermocouples distributed at the turbine outlet are used to monitor the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) to indirectly monitor the performance of the combustion system, but, the EGT is not only affected by faults but also influenced by many interference factors, such as ambient conditions, operating conditions, rotation and mixing of uneven hot gas, performance degradation of compressor, etc., which will reduce the sensitivity and reliability of fault detection. For this reason, many scholars have devoted themselves to the research of combustion system fault detection and proposed many excellent methods. However, few studies have compared these methods. This paper will introduce the main methods of combustion system fault detection and select current mainstream methods for analysis. And a circumferential temperature distribution model of gas turbine is established to simulate the EGT profile when a fault is coupled with interference factors, then use the simulation data to compare the detection results of selected methods. Besides, the comparison results are verified by the actual operation data of a gas turbine. Finally, through comparative research and mechanism analysis, the study points out a more suitable method for gas turbine combustion system fault detection and proposes possible development directions.

The Effect of Transient Fuel Staging on Self-Excited Instabilities in a Multi-Nozzle Model Gas Turbine Combustor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyatt Culler ◽  
Janith Samarasinghe ◽  
Bryan D. Quay ◽  
Domenic A. Santavicca ◽  
Jacqueline O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Passive Techniques

Combustion instability in gas turbines can be mitigated using active techniques or passive techniques, but passive techniques are almost exclusively used in industrial settings. While fuel staging, a common passive technique, is effective in reducing the amplitude of self-excited instabilities in gas turbine combustors at steady-state conditions, the effect of transients in fuel staging on self-excited instabilities is not well understood. This paper examines the effect of fuel staging transients on a laboratory-scale five-nozzle can combustor undergoing self-excited instabilities. The five nozzles are arranged in a four-around-one configuration and fuel staging is accomplished by increasing the center nozzle equivalence ratio. When the global equivalence ratio is φ = 0.70 and all nozzles are fueled equally, the combustor undergoes self-excited oscillations. These oscillations are suppressed when the center nozzle equivalence ratio is increased to φ = 0.80 or φ = 0.85. Two transient staging schedules are used, resulting in transitions from unstable to stable operation, and vice-versa. It is found that the characteristic instability decay times are dependent on the amount of fuel staging in the center nozzle. It is also found that the decay time constants differ from the growth time constants, indicating hysteresis in stability transition points. High speed CH* chemiluminescence images in combination with dynamic pressure measurements are used to determine the instantaneous phase difference between the heat release rate fluctuation and the combustor pressure fluctuation throughout the combustor. This analysis shows that the instability onset process is different from the instability decay process.

An Introduction to the Ansaldo GT36 Constant Pressure Sequential Combustor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Pennell ◽  
Mirko R. Bothien ◽  
Andrea Ciani ◽  
Victor Granet ◽  
Ghislain Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
System Robustness

This paper introduces and presents validation of the Constant Pressure Sequential Combustion system (denoted CPSC), a second generation concept developed for and applied to the new Ansaldo GT36 H-class gas turbine combustors. It has evolved from the well-established sequential burner technology applied to all current GT26 and GT24 gas turbines, and contains all architectural improvements implemented since original inception of this engine frame in 1994, with beneficial effects on the operation turndown, fuel flexibility, on the overall system robustness, and featuring the required aspects to stay competitive in the present day energy market. The applied air and fuel management therefore facilitate emission and dynamics control at both the extremely high and low firing temperature ranges required for existing and future Ansaldo gas turbine engine classes.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic modelling and efficiency analysis of a class of real indirectly fired gas turbine cycles

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Zheshu Ma ◽  
Zhenhuan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Forecast Performance ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Temperature Heat

Indirectly or externally-fired gas-turbines (IFGT or EFGT) are novel technology under development for small and medium scale combined power and heat supplies in combination with micro gas turbine technologies mainly for the utilization of the waste heat from the turbine in a recuperative process and the possibility of burning biomass or 'dirty' fuel by employing a high temperature heat exchanger to avoid the combustion gases passing through the turbine. In this paper, by assuming that all fluid friction losses in the compressor and turbine are quantified by a corresponding isentropic efficiency and all global irreversibilities in the high temperature heat exchanger are taken into account by an effective efficiency, a one dimensional model including power output and cycle efficiency formulation is derived for a class of real IFGT cycles. To illustrate and analyze the effect of operational parameters on IFGT efficiency, detailed numerical analysis and figures are produced. The results summarized by figures show that IFGT cycles are most efficient under low compression ratio ranges (3.0-6.0) and fit for low power output circumstances integrating with micro gas turbine technology. The model derived can be used to analyze and forecast performance of real IFGT configurations.

scholarly journals Inlet Air Fogging of Marine Gas Turbine in Power Output Loss Compensation

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygfryd Domachowski ◽  
Marek Dzida
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Output Loss ◽  
Direct Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Loss Compensation ◽  
The World

Abstract The use of inlet air fogging installation to boost the power for gas turbine engines is widely applied in the power generation sector. The application of fogging to mechanical drive is rarely considered in literature [1]. This paper will cover some considerations relating to its application for gas turbines in ship drive. There is an important evaporative cooling potential throughout the world, when the dynamic data is evaluated, based on an analysis of coincident wet and dry bulb information. This data will allow ships’ gas turbine operators to make an assessment of the economics of evaporative fogging. The paper represents an introduction to the methodology and data analysis to derive the direct evaporative cooling potential to be used in marine gas turbine power output loss compensation.

Gas Turbine and Driven Machinery Management and Diagnostics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mel Maalouf ◽  
Thomas Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines

The size and complexity of gas turbines has evolved tremendously over the years and the controls, instrumentation and diagnostics tools have kept pace with the advances. This paper discusses the progress of the tools to keep these complex machines running for continued reliability, efficiency, emissions compliance and power output. The technology to enable the user to manage their machinery on site and remotely will be discussed in this paper along with the benefits added by the technologies.

Gas Turbine Fogging Technology — A State-of-the-Art Review: Part II — Overspray Fogging, Analytical and Experimental Aspects

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Comprehensive Review

The strong influence of ambient temperature on the output and heat rate on a gas turbine has popularized the application of inlet fogging and overspray for power augmentation. One of the main advantages of overspray fogging is that it enhances power output as a result of decrease in compression work associated with the continuous evaporation of water within the compressor due to fog intercooling. A comprehensive review on the current understanding of the analytical and experimental aspects of overspray fogging technology as applied to gas turbines is presented in this paper.

Fuel Flexible Rich Catalytic Lean Burn System for Low BTU Fuels

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Alavandi ◽  
Shahrokh Etemad ◽  
Benjamin D. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Process Waste

Limited fuel resources, increasing energy demand, and stringent emission regulations are drivers to evaluate process off-gases or process waste streams as fuels for power generation. Often these process waste streams have low energy content and their operability in gas turbines leads to issues such as unstable or incomplete combustion and changes in acoustic response. Due to above reasons, these fuels cannot be used directly without modifications or efficiency penalties in gas turbine engines. To enable the use of the wide variety of ultra-low and low Btu fuels in gas turbine engines, a rich catalytic lean burn (RCL®) combustion system was developed and tested in a subscale high pressure (10 atm.) rig. Previous work has shown promise with fuels such as blast furnace gas (BFG) with Lower Heating Value (LHV) of 3.1 MJ/Nm3 (85 Btu/scf). The current testing extends the limits of RCL® operability to other weak fuels by further modifying and improving the injector to achieve enhanced flame stability. Fuels containing low methane content such as weak natural gas with an LHV of 6.5 MJ/Nm3 (180 Btu/scf) to fuels containing higher methane content such as landfill gas with an LHV of 21.1 MJ/Nm3 (580 Btu/scf) were tested. These fuels demonstrated improved combustion stability with an extended turndown (defined as the difference between catalytic and non-catalytic lean blow out) of 140°C–170°C (280°F–340°F) with CO and NOx emissions lower than 5 ppm corrected to 15% O2.

Coal-Water Slurry Testing of an Industrial Gas Turbine

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Wenglarz ◽  
C. Wilkes ◽  
R. C. Bourke ◽  
H. C. Mongia
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Water Slurry ◽  
Coal Water Slurry ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper describes the first test of an industrial gas turbine and low emissions combustion system on coal-water-slurry fuel. The engine and combustion system have been developed over the past five years as part of the Heat Engines program sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The engine is a modified Allison 501-K industrial gas turbine designed to produce 3.5 MW of electrical power when burning natural gas or distillate fuel. Full load power output increases to approximately 4.9 MW when burning coal-water slurry as a result of additional turbine mass flow rate. The engine has been modified to accept an external staged combustion system developed specifically for burning coal and low quality ash-bearing fuels. Combustion staging permits the control of NOx from fuel-bound nitrogen while simultaneously controlling CO emissions. Water injection freezes molten ash in the quench zone located between the rich and lean zones. The dry ash is removed from the hot gas stream by two parallel cyclone separators. This paper describes the engine and combustor system modifications required for running on coal and presents the emissions and turbine performance data from the coal-water slurry testing. Included is a discussion of hot gas path ash deposition and planned future work that will support the commercialization of coal-fired gas turbines.

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