Lubricating Oil Tribology of a Biodiesel-Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Technical Conference ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Comparative Performance

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils by modifying their molecular structure through transesterification process. Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) was prepared using methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Use of linseed oil methyl ester in compression ignition engines was found to develop a very compatible engine-fuel system with lower emission characteristics. Two identical engines were subjected to long-term endurance tests, fuelled by optimum biodiesel blend (20% LOME) and diesel oil respectively. Various tribological studies on lubricating oil samples drawn at regular intervals for both engines were conducted in order to correlate the comparative performance of the two fuels and the effect of fuel chemistry on lubricating oil performance and life. A number of tests were conducted in order to evaluate comparative performance of the two fuels such as density measurement, viscosity measurements, flash point determination, moisture content determination, pentane and benzene insolubles, thin layer chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry etc. All these tests were used for indirect interpretation of comparative performance of these fuels. Biodiesel fuels performance is found to be superior to that of diesel oil and the lubricating oil life is found to have increased, while operating the engine on this fuel.   NOTE: This paper was presented at the ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference but was printed in the ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference proceedings, pages 427–441. It should appear under the Lubrication and Friction heading.

Wear Assessment in a Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Engine

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Agarwal ◽  
J. Bijwe ◽  
L. M. Das
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Metal Debris ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

Biodiesel is prepared using linseed oil and methanol by the process of transesterification. Use of linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) in a compression ignition engine was found to develop a highly compatible engine-fuel system with low emission characteristics. Two similar engines were operated using optimum biodiesel blend and mineral diesel oil, respectively. These were subjected to long-term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples drawn from both engines after a fixed interval were subjected to elemental analysis. Quantification of various metal debris concentrations was done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wear metals were found to be about 30% lower for a biodiesel-operated engine system. Lubricating oil samples were also subjected to ferrography indicating lower wear debris concentrations for a biodiesel-operated engine. The additional lubricating property of LOME present in the fuel resulted in lower wear and improved life of moving components in a biodiesel-fuelled engine. However, this needed experimental verification and quantification. A series of experiments were thus conducted to compare the lubricity of various concentrations of LOME in biodiesel blends. Long duration tests were conducted using reciprocating motion in an SRV optimol wear tester to evaluate the coefficient of friction, specific wear rates, etc. The extent of damage, coefficient of friction, and specific wear rates decreased with increase in the percentage of LOME in the biodiesel blend. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted on the surfaces exposed to wear. The disk and pin using 20% biodiesel blend as the lubricating oil showed lesser damage compared to the one subjected to diesel oil as the lubricating fluid, confirming additional lubricity of biodiesel.

The Compression-Ignition Engine and Its Applicability to British Railway Traction

1933 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. R. Fell
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Electric Locomotive ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Railway Traction

The author considers that, while the internal combustion engine is not universally applicable to British railway traction, there is a wide field which can be more economically covered by the oil engine than by other means. Electric transmission is, in spite of high first cost, the most readily adaptable for use in conjunction with the oil engine, and possesses a balance of advantages over all other known systems. The oil-electric locomotive offers a long list of important advantages for railway operation not possessed by other systems. These advantages are, however, offset by high first cost for powers of 1,000 b.h.p. and over. A comparison is drawn between the first cost of steam and oil-electric locomotives for the various duties called for in the service of a British railway. This shows that, while the first cost of the oil-electric main line express passenger locomotive is three times that of the existing steam locomotive, the first costs of branch passenger, medium goods, and shunting steam and oil-electric engines are comparable. This is owing to the cost per brake horse-power required diminishing with increase of size in the case of the steam locomotive, whereas it remains constant in the case of the oil-electric. Owing to the high rate of acceleration necessary the use of the oil-electric system is considered unsuitable as a substitute for dependent electrification of suburban lines. The railway oil engine is a specialized requirement. It must be of the high-speed type running at speeds of up to 1,500 r.p.m., in order to reduce first cost and for other reasons. Details are given of various types of British compression-ignition engines which are considered suitable for British railway work. The author deduces that an engine of twelve-cylinder “V” type and an engine with six cylinders in line, both incorporating the same design and size of cylinder, would fill all the requirements which can be economically met by the oil engine on a British railway. He selects the single sleeve-valve engine design as having the greatest balance of advantages in its favour for railway purposes. Attention is drawn to the importance of simplifying the installation of the compression-ignition engine and various suggestions are put forward to this end. In conclusion the author stresses the importance of the railway companies giving a lead to the internal combustion engine industry as to the railway requirements in size and type of engine, and states that it is the purpose of his paper to assist those concerned in arriving at this immediately important decision.

THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: IV. THE CAUSE OF DETONATION OR COMBUSTION KNOCK IN ENGINES

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (5) ◽  
pp. 228-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. King
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Nuclear Theory ◽  
General Application ◽  
Combustion Knock ◽  
Permanent Gases

A nuclear theory of self-ignition is described which is based on the substitution of finely divided carbon for the nuclear drops of the Callendar theory. The finely divided carbon appears in the gaseous combustible mixture in the engine as a result of pyrolysis of the lubricating oil or of the fuel. The theory is therefore of general application and can be applied to explain combustion knock or detonation when permanent gases such as hydrogen as well as hydrocarbon vapors are used as fuel for the carburetor type of internal combustion engine. The theory is supported by experimental evidence quoted mainly from earlier publications and is intended as a working hypothesis for further confirmatory experiments.

Effect of Biodiesel Utilization of Wear of Vital Parts in Compression Ignition Engine

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 604-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Agarwal ◽  
J. Bijwe ◽  
L. M. Das
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Pump Failure ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

The combustion related properties of vegetable oils are somewhat similar to diesel oil. Neat vegetable oils or their blends with diesel, however, pose various long-term problems in compression ignition engines, e.g., poor atomization characteristics, ring-sticking, injector coking, injector deposits, injector pump failure, and lube oil dilution by crank-case polymerization. These undesirable features of vegetable oils are because of their inherent properties like high viscosity, low volatility, and polyunsaturated character. Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) was prepared using methanol for long-term engine operations. The physical and combustion-related properties of the fuels thus developed were found to be closer to that of the diesel oil. A blend of 20 percent was selected as optimum biodiesel blend. Two similar new engines were completely disassembled and subjected to dimensioning of various vital moving parts and then subjected to long-term endurance tests on 20 percent biodiesel blend and diesel oil, respectively. After completion of the test, both the engines were again disassembled for physical inspection and wear measurement of various vital parts. The physical wear of various vital parts, injector coking, carbon deposits on piston, and ring sticking were found to be substantially lower in case of 20 percent biodiesel-fuelled engine. The lubricating oil samples drawn from both engines were subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy for measurement of various wear metal traces present. AAS tests confirmed substantially lower wear and thus improved life for biodiesel operated engines.

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