Consumer and Manufacturer Design Factors for Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in American Automobiles

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael David Costarell ◽  
Darrell Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Isentropic Compression ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

Despite significant research and development during the past quarter century, there has been an insignificant transition to use of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. Although CNG automobiles reduce harmful emissions and reduce consumption of foreign oil, the nation has not successfully transitioned away from gasoline and diesel fuels. Therefore, the pros and cons of owning and operating CNG vehicles are explored from the consumer’s perspective. Included in this paper are isentropic compression models for single stage, 4 stage isentropic, and 4 stage with a constant temperature increase between cylinders. The models are then used to predict charging times for both residential and industrial compressors for an energy basis of 1MMBtu (1.055 GJ). The impact of CNG vehicles on US air emissions is discussed, with qualitative comparisons of CNG and oil-based emissions.

Powering the economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-216
Author(s):  
Malcolm Abbott ◽  
Bruce Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Electricity Pricing ◽  
Natural Gas Markets ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Reform Processes ◽  
Gas Markets ◽  
The Impact

In this chapter the reform processes relating to the electricity and natural gas markets are examined, beginning with the changes that occurred in the early 1990s and tracking through the first two decades of the new century. In doing so, the influence of international trends are considered, and the various benefits and problems associated with the reform process are discussed in detail. In addition to looking at the structural and ownership changes that occurred during this period, specific attention is given to the manner in which prices for monopoly assets were determined, changes in regulation of electricity pricing for retail customers and the impact of the measures used to promote renewable energy. Related to these various reforms has been the problems that have arisen from the need to ensure security of supply. Additional attention, therefore, is given to an examination of these issues, including the pros and cons of establishing a domestic gas reserve policy.

Modeling and Analysis of a CNG Residential Refueling System

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo Joon Bang ◽  
Stephanie Stockar ◽  
Matteo Muratori ◽  
Giorgio Rizzoni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Technological Barrier ◽  
Power Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

Natural gas has recently been proposed as an alternative fuel for transportation in the United States. Refueling infrastructure is the major technological barrier to the market penetration of passenger compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. Currently, there is about one natural gas refueling station every 150 gasoline pumps. Nevertheless, natural gas is widely available in American houses, and thus distributed residential refueling is seen as a viable solution. Generally, residential CNG refueling systems use compressors driven by electric motors. With a potential increase in the number of residential natural gas refueling systems over the next few years, the additional load that this system will introduce on the electric power infrastructure can be significant. In this paper, a system dynamic model of a residential refueling system has been developed and validated against data available in the literature. Ultimately, the model will allow for exploring the impact of residential refueling of CNG vehicles on the electric power infrastructure.

scholarly journals Modeling of Three-Way Catalyst Dynamics for a Compressed Natural Gas Engine during Lean–Rich Transitions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Di Maio ◽  
Carlo Beatrice ◽  
Valentina Fraioli ◽  
Pierpaolo Napolitano ◽  
Stefano Golini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Way Catalyst

The main objective of the present research activity was to investigate the effect of very fast composition transitions of the engine exhaust typical in real-world driving operating conditions, as fuel cutoff phases or engine misfire, on the aftertreatment devices, which are generally very sensitive to these changes. This phenomenon is particularly evident when dealing with engines powered by natural gas, which requires the use of a three-way catalyst (TWC). Indeed, some deviations from the stoichiometric lambda value can interfere with the catalytic converter efficiency. In this work, a numerical “quasi-steady” model was developed to simulate the chemical and transport phenomena of a specific TWC for a compressed natural gas (CNG) heavy-duty engine. A dedicated experimental campaign was performed in order to evaluate the catalyst response to a defined λ variation pattern of the engine exhaust stream, thus providing the data necessary for the numerical model validation. Tests were carried out to reproduce oxygen storage phenomena that make catalyst behavior different from the classic steady-state operating conditions. A surface reaction kinetic mechanism concerning CH4, CO, H2, oxidation and NO reduction has been appropriately calibrated at different λ values with a step-by-step procedure, both in steady-state conditions of the engine work plan and during transient conditions, through cyclical and consecutive transitions of variable frequency between rich and lean phases. The activity also includes a proper calibration of the reactions involving cerium inside the catalyst in order to reproduce oxygen storage and release dynamics. Sensitivity analysis and continuous control of the reaction rate allowed evaluating the impact of each of them on the exhaust composition in several operating conditions. The proposed model predicts tailpipe conversion/formation of the main chemical species, starting from experimental engine-out data, and provides a useful tool to evaluate the catalyst’s performance.

Optimum Combustion Chamber Geometry for a Compression Ignition Engine Retrofitted to Run Using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 552-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrul Azmir Osman ◽  
Ahmad Jais Alimin ◽  
V.S. Liong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Engine Cylinder ◽  
The Impact

The use of natural gas as an alternative fuels are motivated from the impact in deteriorating quality of air and the energy shortage from petroleum products. Through retrofitting, CI engine runs on CNG, will be able to reduce the negative impact mainly on the use of petroleum products. However, this required the modification of the combustion chamber geometry by reducing the compression ratio to value that suits combustion of CNG. In this present studies, four different shapes and geometries of combustion chamber were designed and simulate using CFD package powered by Ansys workbench, where k-ε turbulence model was used to predict the flow in the combustion chamber. The results of turbulence kinetic energy, velocity vectors and streamline are presented. The enhancement of air-fuel mixing inside the engine cylinder can be observed, where the design with re-entrance and lower center projection provide better results compared to other combustion geometries designs.

scholarly journals Toxicological properties of emission particles from heavy duty engines powered by conventional and bio-based diesel fuels and compressed natural gas

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasi I Jalava ◽  
Päivi Aakko-Saksa ◽  
Timo Murtonen ◽  
Mikko S Happo ◽  
Ari Markkanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Diesel Fuels

Assessment of the Impact of Applying a Non-Factory Dual-Fuel (Diesel/Natural Gas) Installation on the Traction Properties and Emissions of Selected Exhaust Components of a Road Semi-Trailer Truck Unit

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8001
Author(s):  
Mirosław Karczewski ◽  
Marcin Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Engine Wear ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gas Supply

Problems such as global warming and rising oil prices are driving the implementation of ideas to reduce liquid fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. One of them is the use of natural gas as an energy source. It is a hydrocarbon fuel with properties that allow the reduction of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) emissions during combustion. Solutions are being implemented that allow for the use of natural gas to means of transport, namely in trucks of various categories and intended use. These installations are used in new vehicles, but also in the form of conversion for used cars, usually several years old. The article presents the results of tests of an engine from a used semi-trailer truck with a mileage of approx. 800 thousand km, with the compressed natural gas supply system installed. This installation (hardware and software), depending on the engine operating conditions, enables the replacement of up to 80% of diesel (base fuel) with natural gas. The impact of changing the fuel supply method on the traction characteristics calculated with the use of external characteristics of both conventional and dual-fuel mode was assessed. The emissions of exhaust gas components were also determined under the conditions of the UNECE Regulation No. 49. The test results confirm that compared to conventional fueling, dual fueling allows for a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, even in a used vehicle with high mileage. The use of a non-factory installation did not significantly affect the traction properties of the vehicle, and engine wear is of greater importance in this case (comparison with factory data). The work is a valuable supplement to the results of the research in which the impact of the use of a non-factory CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) supply system on the performance of a semi-trailer truck unit equipped with such an installation was assessed compared to a semi-trailer truck unit powered in a classic way with diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Instantaneous and cycle optimization of fuel usage on a dual fuel vehicle leveraging gasoline and natural gas

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-303
Author(s):  
Carrie M Hall ◽  
Michael Pamminger ◽  
James Sevik ◽  
Thomas Wallner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Time Instant ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Dual Fuel Engines ◽  
The Impact

Recent increases in natural gas supply have led to a desire to leverage this fuel in the transportation sector. Dual fuel engines provide a platform on which to use natural gas efficiently; these engines, however, require new hardware and new control strategies to properly utilize two fuels simultaneously. This paper explores the impact of implementing dual fuel capabilities on a sedan and demonstrates that a dual fuel E10 and compressed natural gas engine is able to improve the average engine efficiency by up to 6.5% compared to a single fuel engine on standard drive cycles. An optimal control technique is also developed, and the proposed approach allows factors including fuel cost and fuel availability to be taken into account. Optimization at each time instant is investigated and contrasted with optimization over the entire cycle. Cycle optimization is shown to have particular value for cases in which the level in one fuel tank is low.

scholarly journals Reducing the Negative Impact of Public Transport on the Environment by Using CNG as a Fuel / Ograniczenie Negatywnego Wpływu Komunikacji Miejskiej Na Środowisko Naturalne Poprzez Zastosowanie CNG Jako Paliwa

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Paweł Fuc ◽  
Maciej Bajerlein ◽  
Michał Dobrzynski ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper presents the results of emission research city buses fueled by compressed natural gas and diesel. The exhaust emission tests were performed under actual traffic conditions on a regular bus line. For the measurement was used a mobile exhaust analyzer for the group of PEMS - SEMTECH DS by Sensors Inc. Based on the obtained of the result the test determined the impact of applied compressed natural gas to reduce exhaust emissions for a vehicle fueled by diesel.

The Impact of Compressed Natural Gas Shipping upon Offshore Gas Development

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles White ◽  
Phil Grossweiler ◽  
Jae Keun Ha ◽  
Shigeru Naokawa ◽  
Scott McClure
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
The Impact
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