Assessment of Embedded Water Needs at a Mixed-Use Facility in Palo Alto, California

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Clayton ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Palo Alto ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Water Vulnerability

Assessing and mitigating the water footprint of a business can reduce the risks associated with potential freshwater shortages. Because water is vital in the supply chain and operations of all major industries, depletion of freshwater sources, increases in demand of water, and droughts can threaten a company’s production, financial stability, and reputation. Consequently, it is essential to identify water vulnerability in a business’s operational portfolio and to ensure that the business’s water management aligns with its overall sustainability strategies. Furthermore, understanding a business’s water footprint allows for effective resource management, which can help minimize costs and reduce its environmental impact. Currently, interest in the water footprints of organizations, products, and services is increasing, creating a need for a shared standard of definitions and methodologies for water metering and reporting. In addition, consistent methodologies for including embedded and indirect water use and a uniform application of analysis boundaries need to be developed. This research aims to develop an accounting methodology for water reporting along with tools for identifying opportunities to improve water efficiency. Additionally, existing definitions, approaches, and best practices for measuring, reporting, and managing water use across different industries are summarized. A conceptual model was developed to evaluate the lifecycle water footprint, including direct and indirect (embedded in energy and materials) water use in both supply chains and operations. Further, a case study is considered to assess the water impact of a mixed-use facility in Palo, Alto, California. Comprehensive water, electricity, and gas metering data were collected for this site, and the water uses of California’s energy mix were determined. Finally, this data set was utilized to summarize direct and indirect water use at a corporate site, and recommendations of water conservation and reuse for this site are considered. Future work includes development of validation and optimization approaches for minimizing water usage. The model was built such that it can be expanded to include multiple sites in the global supply chain in order to estimate worldwide water usage throughout a large company’s operations.

scholarly journals Blue Water Footprints of Ontario Dairy Farms

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2230
Author(s):  
Mariam Al-Bahouh ◽  
Vern Osborne ◽  
Tom Wright ◽  
Mike Dixon ◽  
Andrew VanderZaag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Plate Cooler ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

The blue water footprint (WF) is an indicator of freshwater required to produce a given end product. Determining the blue WF for milk production, the seasonal water use and the impact of water conservation are important sustainability considerations for the dairy industry in Ontario (Canada). In this study, a water footprint network (WFN) method was used to calculate the seasonal blue WF’s from in-barn water use data and the fat–protein-corrected milk (FPCM) production. Various water conservation options were estimated using the AgriSuite software. Results showed that the total water use (L of water·cow−1·d−1) and the average blue WF (L of water·kg−1 of FPCM) were 246.3 ± 6.8 L·cow−1·d−1 and 7.4 ± 0.2 L·kg−1, respectively. The total water use and the blue WF could be reduced to 182.7 ± 5.1 L·cow−1·d−1 (25.8% reduction) and 5.8 ± 0.1 L·kg−1 (21.6% reduction), respectively, through adaptive water conservation measures as the reuse of the plate cooler and milk house water. For example, conservation practices could reduce the milk house wash water use from 74.3 ± 8.8 L·cow−1·d−1 to 16.6 ± 0.1 L·cow−1·d−1 (77.7% overall reduction).

scholarly journals Mapping the Water Usage Behaviour of Presto Milkfish Processing Industries in Semarang City

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 03020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novie Susanto ◽  
Thomas Triadi Putranto ◽  
Heru Prastawa
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Cleaning Equipment ◽  
Washing Process

Water is one of the natural resources that play an important role in the field of industry. Milkfish fish processing industries is leading commodity of Semarang City that roles as important stakeholder related to both groundwater and PDAM consumer. The demand of clean water supply quite a lot. This have impact on the utilization of groundwater as the main raw material or auxiliary materials in the production process with considerable capacity such as fish washing process, flavoring, steaming process on peresto equipment and cleaning equipment. They should be studied the ecological behavior related to water condition. This study aims to map milkfish processing process based on water use by distinguishing traditional and modern processing systems. The research method used is field work and water footprint. The number of respondents in this research is 5 milkfish processing industries in Semarang City. Research is conducted by analyzing the processing and water needs for each stage of the process. The results showed that water use amounted to 59-149 litters with the most use in cleaning equipment process. Production capacity of processing industry varies from 10-100 kg. The results are used as redesign material of the process to optimize water use in industry.

Application of “R” principles to enhance the efficiency of water usage in construction sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G.A.S. Waidyasekara ◽  
Lalith De Silva ◽  
Raufdeen Rameezdeen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Use Efficiency

Purpose Water conservationists have been promoting a hierarchy of measures to preserve water resources in the face of decreasing freshwater availability in the world. However, applicability of water hierarchy to the construction industry is yet to be investigated. To fill this knowledge gap, the purpose of this paper is to investigate water usage, water use efficiency, and conservation measures relevant to the construction operations. Design/methodology/approach A triangulation-based mixed-methods approach was adopted for the collection and analysis of data. First, four case studies were carried out to explore the current practices and the possibilities of applying the water hierarchy to the construction operations. This was followed by a questionnaire survey, administered among construction professionals to obtain their views and to verify the findings of case studies. Findings Strategies such as reuse and recycling were found to be less applicable and least preferred by the construction professionals compared to reduce, replace, and eliminate. Based on the research findings, three enabling measures, namely, regulation, responsibility, and reward, were found to enhance the effectiveness of these conservation strategies. Practical implications Knowledge on preferences of different water conservation measures among the construction professionals and their effectiveness on construction site could help the construction companies to device strategies to mitigate water wastage and enhance water use efficiency. It could also help policy-makers to develop guidelines that would have higher probability of acceptance among construction stakeholders. Originality/value The study proposes an extended water hierarchy (3R.6R) by integrating three enabling measures discussed above for the construction project sites.

scholarly journals 97 Impact of Regionalized Forage Quality and Quantity and Feed Grain Water Use on the Daily Texas Beef Cattle Water Footprint and Supply Chain Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
Hector M Menendez ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Beef Products

Abstract Livestock water use sustainability is a growing concern in the beef cattle sector. The Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) method has been used to quantify the water footprint (WF) of beef products but does not suggest any specific management strategies to decrease the WF of beef cattle (WFB) within and across the beef supply chain. The WFB is primarily influenced by forage and grain production water uses (m3/t), which are directly linked to dry matter (kg/d) and water intake (L/d) and cattle growth (kg/d). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the alteration of forage quality and above-ground biomass production (t/ha) of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), in addition to published WF estimates for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production (m3/t) on the daily Texas WFB. A dynamic Texas Beef Water Footprint Model (TXWFB) was developed to predict WFB, using the System Dynamic methodology and equations from the Ruminant Nutrition System (RNS) and Beef Nutrient Requirements (NASEM) models. Results indicated that forage and crop biomass production is a high-leverage solution to offset the daily Texas WFB (%∆ = -55 to 130). The alteration of forage TDN had less of an impact on the Texas WFB (%∆ = -39 to 17). An ANOVA with a Tukey Posthoc test indicated that all WFB scenarios were significantly different (P < 0.05) except for the low versus base TDN under low water use conditions scenario. The variability in the use of green and blue waters for grains indicated that the final WFB, in the feedlot phase, may be lower than the WFB in the cow-calf or stocker stages under certain efficiency conditions. Identification of high and low-leverage solutions may help Texas cattle stakeholders implement systemic strategies that aid in the efforts for sustainable beef water use.

scholarly journals Attitudes to Water Usage in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

The author undertakes a literature review of attitudes to water usage in Jordan. One survey was identified which assessed attitudes towards water conservation, sampling 2000 residents in three regions in Jordan (Irbid, Amman, and Zarqa) in 2017. According to the survey, only 61% of respondents believed there was a water shortage in Jordan. 23% believed the water shortage was due to population pressures. The survey focussed more on water conservation than water use. Most of the respondents felt the government were not doing enough on water shortage issues. They were not asked how they feel about the role of the government versus their individual responsibility. Older respondents perceived the shortages to be more critical. A lack of interest in participating in water saving activities was identified among the youth. Water quality was perceived as poor in the USAID survey and noted in other sources. The survey found that most residents had management strategies in place for the day that the water was delivered. Views about politics of regional cooperation and refugee pressure on water use potentially affect attitudes to water but this was not identified specifically within the scope of this report.

PSIX-4 Comparison of water footprint in roughage-fed and grain-fed beef cattle finishing systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 443-444
Author(s):  
Aghata Elins Moreira da Silva ◽  
Arturo Macias Franco ◽  
Felipe Henrique de Moura ◽  
Kelli Noelle Bangert ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Beef cattle production has been argued to represent a massive player on water usage given the high-water footprint (WF) attributed to the livestock sector. From a water usage mitigation standpoint, at the animal level, manipulation of drinkable water is possible since major differences in water utilization are highly related to diet composition and feed quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two cattle finishing systems, grain-finished versus roughage-finished on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake (WI), WF and water use efficiency (WUE) of Angus cattle. Twenty-four steers (385 ± 10.80 kg) were fed either alfalfa only (roughage-finished) or predominantly whole grain (80% corn and 20% alfalfa). Individual DMI and WI were measured for 105 days. Water footprint was expressed as amount of green (rainwater; WFg), blue (surface and groundwater; WFb), and grey (waste; WFgy) water used for feed production and WI of animals, and the sum of all three represents the total WF (TWF). The WUE was calculated as the integral between water used during the experimental period, and then converted into water efficiency as divided by cold carcass weight (CCW). Differences amongst treatments were compared via orthogonal contrast using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4) with treatment as fixed effect and animals as a random effect. Roughage-fed animals presented significantly higher WI and DMI (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively), 80 kg lighter CCW (P = 0.0005) when compared to grain-finished animals. Grain-finished animals had a lower WFb WFgy, and TWF (P < 0.0001), but a higher WFg (P < 0.0001). Water use efficiency was twice as high for roughage-fed animals. Therefore, for the finishing phase, steers finished on a grains had a lower WF when compared to roughage-fed animals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Usage and Water Management in Mae Fah Luang University

2017 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Yanasinee Suma ◽  
Nittaya Pasukphun ◽  
Anuttara Hongthong ◽  
Vivat Keawdounglek
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
High Water ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Use Behavior

A university may be compared by its size of population and activities to a small city, with high water consumption and in need of effective water conservation strategies. This study presents the results of a study of water consumption on the Mae Fah Luang University campus in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Consumption was classified by activity type, water usage and water saving behavior of students and staff. The results suggest strategies for water conservation on campus. With a water conservation plan focusing on residential areas (halls and homes), which accounted for the highest levels of consumption on the campus. The study also identified activities where water-use behavior was wasteful; hence, we propose practical strategies to reduce the university’s water use by a) raising awareness of the costs of wasting water; b) education to improve knowledge, attitude, and behavior in regard to water conservation, with examples of good practice.

Water Footprint

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite M. Aldaya ◽  
M. Ramón Llamas ◽  
Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article. The water footprint concept broadens the scope of traditional national and corporate water accounting as it has been previously known. It highlights the ways in which water consuming and polluting activities relate to the structure of the global economy, opening a window of opportunity to increase transparency and improve water management along whole-production and supply chains. This concept adds a new dimension to integrated water resources management in a globalized world. The water footprint is a relatively recent indicator. Created in 2002, it aims to quantify the effect of consumption and trade on the use of water resources. Specifically, the water footprint is an indicator of freshwater use that considers both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. For instance, the water footprint of a product refers to the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, tracing the origin of raw material and ingredients along their respective supply chains. This novel indirect component of water use in supply chains is, in many cases, the greatest share of water use, for example, in the food and beverage sector and the apparel industry. Water footprint assessment shows the full water balance, with water consumption and pollution components specified geographically and temporally and with water consumption specified by type of source (e.g., rainwater, groundwater, or surface water). It introduces three components: 1. The blue water footprint refers to the consumption of blue water resources (i.e., surface and groundwater including natural freshwater lakes, manmade reservoirs, rivers, and aquifers) along the supply chain of a product, versus the traditional and restricted water withdrawal measure. 2. The green water footprint refers to consumption through transpiration or evaporation of green water resources (i.e., soilwater originating from rainwater). Green water maintains natural vegetation (e.g., forests, meadows, scrubland, tundra) and rain-fed agriculture, yet plays an important role in most irrigated agriculture as well. Importantly, this kind of water is not quantified in most traditional agricultural water use analyses. 3. The grey water footprint refers to pollution and is defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants given natural concentrations for naturally occurring substances and existing ambient water-quality standards. The water footprint concept has been incorporated into public policies and international standards. In 2011, the Water Footprint Network adopted the Water Footprint Assessment Manual, which provides a standardized method and guidelines. In 2014, the International Organization for Standardization adopted a life cycle-based ISO 14046 standard for the water footprint; it offers guidelines to integrate water footprint analysis in life-cycle assessment for products. In practice, water footprint assessment generally results in increased awareness of critical elements in a supply chain, such as hotspots that deserve most attention, and what can be done to improve water management in those hotspots. Water footprint assessment, including the estimation of virtual water trade, applied in different countries and contexts, is producing new data and bringing larger perspectives that, in many cases, lead to a better understanding of the drivers behind water scarcity.

scholarly journals Water Footprints and Virtual Water Flows Embodied in the Power Supply Chain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3006
Author(s):  
Like Wang ◽  
Yee Van Fan ◽  
Petar Sabev Varbanov ◽  
Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi ◽  
Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Future Work

Water use within power supply chains has been frequently investigated. A unified framework to quantify the water use of power supply chains deserves more development. This article provides an overview of the water footprint and virtual water incorporated into power supply chains. A water-use mapping model of the power supply chain is proposed in order to map the analysed research works according to the considered aspects. The distribution of water footprint per power generation technology per region is illustrated, in which Asia is characterised by the largest variation of the water footprint in hydro-, solar, and wind power. A broader consensus on the system boundary for the water footprint evaluation is needed. The review also concludes that the water footprint of power estimated by a top-down approach is usually higher and more accurate. A consistent virtual water accounting framework for power supply chains is still lacking. Water scarcity risks could increase through domestic and global power trade. This review provides policymakers with insights on integrating water and energy resources in order to achieve sustainable development for power supply chains. For future work, it is essential to identify the responsibilities of both the supply and demand sides to alleviate the water stress.

scholarly journals A Pegada Hídrica e o Nível da Consciência Ambiental de Três Escolas do Ensino Médio do Município de Pombal-PB

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ricelli Pereira de Almeida ◽  
Michel Almeida da Silva ◽  
Diêgo Lima Crispim ◽  
Eclivaneide Caldas de Abreu Carolino ◽  
Érica Cristine Medeiros Machado
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
School Students

<p>A pegada hídrica é uma ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos que indica o consumo de água doce com base em seus usos direto e indireto. O uso direto é feito pelo consumidor ou produtor ao utilizar ou elaborar um produto e uso indireto consiste ao longo da cadeia produtiva dos produtos utilizados pelo consumidor ou produtor. Desta forma, tal indicador pode ser utilizado na conscientização e racionalização do consumo de água doce, uma vez que permite aos usuários em geral o entendimento do quanto de água é utilizado na fabricação de produtos ao longo de sua cadeia produtiva. Portanto, os segmentos da sociedade podem quantificar a sua contribuição para os conflitos de uso da água e degradação ambiental nas bacias hidrográficas em todo o mundo. A metodologia utilizada para a realização deste trabalho consistiu na aplicação de questionários, em três escolas pré-selecionadas, com o propósito de avaliar o nível de conscientização dos alunos em relação ao consumo de água. Este trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar o indicador pegada hídrica na conscientização ambiental do uso da água por alunos do ensino médio do município de Pombal – PB, com base no uso de novas tecnologias de estudo do espaço geográfico. Apesar de os alunos da escola menino Jesus apresentar melhor desempenho no consumo e gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, sua média de acertos foi muito próxima das escolas públicas Monsenhor Vicente Freitas e Arruda Câmara. O valor médio da pegada hídrica nacional é de 1.381 m³/hab/ano e a média global é de 1.240m³/hab/ano, logo percebe-se que a maioria dos bairros obtiveram média abaixo da global e da nacional.</p><p><strong><em>The water footprint and the level environmental consciousness three high school education middle municipality of Pombal-PB</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The water footprint is a water resource management tool that indicates the fresh water consumption based on their direct and indirect uses. The direct use is the use made by the consumer or producer to use or develop a product and indirect use is the use along the supply chain of the products used by the consumer or producer. Thus, such an indicator can be used in awareness and rationalization of consumption of fresh water, as it allows users overall understanding of how much water is used in the manufacture of products throughout its supply chain. Therefore, the segments of society can quantify its contribution to conflicts of water use and environmental degradation in river basins around the world. The methodology used for this work consisted of questionnaires in three pre-selected schools, in order to assess the level of students' awareness of water consumption. This paper aims to use the water footprint indicator on the environmental awareness of water use by high school students in the city of Pombal - PB, based on the use of new study of geographical space technologies. Although the menino Jesus School students perform better in consumption and management of water resources, his batting average was very close to the public schools Monsenhor Vicente Freitas and Arruda camara. The average national water footprint is 1.381 m³ / person / year and the global average is 1.240m³ / person / year, then it is clear that most districts have obtained average below the global and national levels.</p>

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