Effects of Water Injection on the Power Boost of a Twin Turbocharged Vehicle

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
McDonald A. Fawcett ◽  
Jobaidur R. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Mixture Flow ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Methanol Mixture ◽  
Power Enhancement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vehicle Sensors

The injection of a water/methanol mixture into the intake airflow of turbocharged street racing vehicles has long been known to increase the power and performance, though actual data proves difficult to obtain. In an attempt to maximize the power output of a twin-turbocharged Porsche engine, a water/methanol mixture is introduced into the intake airflow. The injection decreased the temperature and increased the density of the intake air while increasing the compression ratio of the cylinder beyond the effects of the turbocharger itself. The real-time data was used to do the analysis. In an attempt to maximize the power enhancement, the injection parameters are modified. The vehicle sensors were used to obtain temperatures of the intake air, exhaust air, and the engine coolant. The fuel flow rate, air flow rate, mixture flow rate, and manifold pressure in conjunction with temperature measurements was used to determine the mass flow rate of the system. The properties of the mixture components were used to determine the work created by the system, which in turn leads to the power output of the system. Determining the power enhancement created by the water/methanol injection, and potentially maximizing its effect is the focus of this work.

Power Enhancement of Gas Turbine Plant by Intake Air Fog Cooling

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Yadav ◽  
Bharat Raj Singh ◽  
Onkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Power Enhancement

Although gas turbines are known as constant volume machines, but its performance considerably depends upon the ambient air temperature and mass flow rate. During summer season the density of the air decreases which affects the mass flow rate and ultimately the power output of a gas turbine is reduced. In order to overcome this situation several techniques are already in the practice and one of the most effective and economical is adopting the inlet fog cooling, and this technique basically enhances the power output of the machine. The cooling of ambient air by fog cooling up to wet bulb temperature increases the mass flow rate on account of increase in air density, as a result it ultimately increases the power output of a gas turbine. Fogging is applied with consideration of relative humidity of ambient air not only during summer season but also during dry days of summer season in order to increase the power output of gas turbine. This paper describes the effect on percentage enhancement of power out adopting various fuel options with low and high humidity ambient conditions. The result indicates the potential increase in the power output up to 14%. It is also observed that the total cost of power production increases due to increase in fuel consumption on account of enhanced power output. Thus the best suitable selling cost of power should be selected to compensate the increased investment on fuel cost.

Emf, Maximum Power and Efficiency of Fuel Cells

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gaggioli ◽  
W. R. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Local Characteristic ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Fuel Flow Rate ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal voltage of steady-flow fuel cells is usually expressed by Emf = −ΔG°/nF where ΔG° is the “Gibbs free energy of reaction” for the oxidation of the fuel at the supposed temperature of operation of the cell. Furthermore, the ideal power of the cell is expressed as the product of the fuel flow rate with this emf. Such viewpoints are flawed in several respects. While it is true that if a cell operates isothermally, the maximum conceivable electrical work output is equal to the difference between the Gibbs free energy of the incoming reactants and that of the leaving products; nevertheless, even if the cell operates isothermally, the use of the conventional ΔG° of reaction (a) assumes that the products of reaction leave separately from one another (and from any unused fuel); and (b) when ΔS of reaction is positive, it assumes that a free heat source exists at the operating temperature, whereas if ΔS is negative, it neglects the potential power which theoretically could be obtained from the heat released during oxidation. Moveover, (c) the usual cell does not operate isothermally, but (virtually) adiabatically. Comment (a) is often accounted for by employing the Nernst equation to correct for the dilution of reactants and/or products. Nevertheless, comments (b) and (c) remain pertinent. Rather than with emf, the proper starting place is with power output. The ideal power is that which would be obtained if the fuel were oxidized without irreversible entropy generation. Among other factors, this ideal power output depends upon the ratio of oxidant to fuel flow rate (e.g., air-fuel ratio) and the percentage of fuel oxidation. The ideal voltage is deduced from the ideal power, because it is defined as electrical work output per unit of charge delivered. It is a local characteristic which varies with the percent of fuel oxidized. Therefore, (d) ideal power is not equal to the product of emf with current (unless the amount of fuel utilized is infinitesimal). Examples are presented which illustrate such affects and their importance for the evaluation of ideal power and of efficiency.

scholarly journals Geothermal Power: Factors affecting the performance of Binary Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Izabela Domanski ◽  
Matthew Cappadona ◽  
Oliver Fuller ◽  
Zeb Krix
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Binary Cycle ◽  
Well Depth ◽  
And Performance

A meta-study is conducted investigating the effect of plant parameters on the power output and efficiency of geothermal binary cycle power plants. Production well depth, geofluid temperature and mass flow rate are the parameters considered. An increase in mass flow rate is shown to increase both power output and efficiency. It is shown that a distinction can be made between two basic types of binary plants based off of mass flow and performance data. The well depth is shown to have no effect on plant performance. In addition, condenser parameters were investigated and the highest efficiency condenser system is determined.

Thermodynamic Optimization of a Gas Turbine Power Plant With Pressure Drop Irreversibilities

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Radcenco ◽  
J. V. C. Vargas ◽  
A. Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Fuel Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Area ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Gas Turbine Power Plant

In this paper we show that the thermodynamic performance of a gas turbine power plant can be optimized by adjusting the flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. Specifically, we show that the power output has a maximum with respect to the fuel flow rate or any of the pressure drops. The maximized power output has additional maxima with respect to the overall pressure ratio and overall temperature ratio. When the optimization is performed subject to a fixed fuel flow rate, and the power plant size is constrained, the power output and efficiency can be maximized again by properly allocating the fixed total flow area among the compressor inlet and the turbine outlet.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

On the Influence of Fluctuating Flow Rate Upon the Performance and Behaviour of Isothermal Reacting Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-898
Author(s):  
Otakar Trnka ◽  
Miloslav Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reacting Systems

Three simple computational techniques are proposed and employed to demonstrate the effect of fluctuating flow rate of feed on the behaviour and performance of an isothermal, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A fluidized bed reactor (FBR), in which a non-catalytic gas-solid reaction occurs, is also considered. The influence of amplitude and frequency of gas flow rate fluctuations on reactant concentrations at the exit of the CSTR is shown in four different situations.

Dynamic Simulation of a HRSG System for a Given Start-Up/Shut Down Curve

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hun Cha ◽  
Yoo Seok Song ◽  
Kyu Jong Kim ◽  
Jung Rae Kim ◽  
Sung Min KIM
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Fuel Flow Rate ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Gas Turbine Exhaust ◽  
Main Steam ◽  
Duct Burner

An inappropriate design of HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) may lead to mechanical problems including the fatigue failure caused by rapid load change such as operating trip, start-up or shut down. The performance of HRSG with dynamic analysis should be investigated in case of start-up or shutdown. In this study, dynamic analysis for the HRSG system was carried out by commercial software. The HRSG system was modeled with HP, IP, LP evaporator, duct burner, superheater, reheater and economizer. The main variables for the analysis were the temperature and mass flow rate from gas turbine and fuel flow rate of duct burner for given start-up (cold/warm/hot) and shutdown curve. The results showed that the exhaust gas condition of gas turbine and fuel flow rate of duct burner were main factors controlling the performance of HRSG such as flow rate and temperature of main steam from final superheater and pressure of HP drum. The time delay at the change of steam temperature between gas turbine exhaust gas and HP steam was within 2 minutes at any analysis cases.

Model Analysis of Syngas Combustion and Emissions for a Micro Gas Turbine

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Rong Liu ◽  
Hsin-Yi Shih
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Flow Rate ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Flame Structures

The purpose of this study is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of syngas fuels applied in a micro gas turbine, which is originally designed for a natural gas fired engine. The computation results were conducted by a numerical model, which consists of the three-dimension compressible k–ε model for turbulent flow and PPDF (presumed probability density function) model for combustion process. As the syngas is substituted for methane, the fuel flow rate and the total heat input to the combustor from the methane/syngas blended fuels are varied with syngas compositions and syngas substitution percentages. The computed results presented the syngas substitution effects on the combustion and emission characteristics at different syngas percentages (up to 90%) for three typical syngas compositions and the conditions where syngas applied at fixed fuel flow rate and at fixed heat input were examined. Results showed the flame structures varied with different syngas substitution percentages. The high temperature regions were dense and concentrated on the core of the primary zone for H2-rich syngas, and then shifted to the sides of the combustor when syngas percentages were high. The NOx emissions decreased with increasing syngas percentages, but NOx emissions are higher at higher hydrogen content at the same syngas percentage. The CO2 emissions decreased for 10% syngas substitution, but then increased as syngas percentage increased. Only using H2-rich syngas could produce less carbon dioxide. The detailed flame structures, temperature distributions, and gas emissions of the combustor were presented and compared. The exit temperature distributions and pattern factor (PF) were also discussed. Before syngas fuels are utilized as an alternative fuel for the micro gas turbine, further experimental testing is needed as the modeling results provide a guidance for the improved designs of the combustor.

Optimum Design and Performance Simulation of a Multi-device Integrated System Based on a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Xiuqin Zhang ◽  
Wentao Cheng ◽  
Qiubao Lin ◽  
Longquan Wu ◽  
Junyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) based on syngas are a promising technology for electric vehicle applications. To increase the fuel conversion efficiency, the low-temperature waste heat from the PEMFC is absorbed by a refrigerator. The absorption refrigerator provides cool air for the interior space of the vehicle. Between finishing the steam reforming reaction and flowing into the fuel cell, the gases release heat continuously. A Brayton engine is introduced to absorb heat and provide a useful power output. A novel thermodynamic model of the integrated system of the PEMFC, refrigerator, and Brayton engine is established. Expressions for the power output and efficiency of the integrated system are derived. The effects of some key parameters are discussed in detail to attain optimum performance of the integrated system. The simulation results show that when the syngas consumption rate is 4.0 × 10−5 mol s−1cm−2, the integrated system operates in an optimum state, and the product of the efficiency and power density reaches a maximum. In this case, the efficiency and power density of the integrated system are 0.28 and 0.96 J s−1 cm−2, respectively, which are 46% higher than those of a PEMFC.

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