Highly Stretchable Interconnects for Flexible Electronics Applications

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeasir Arafat ◽  
Rahul Panat ◽  
Indranath Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
New Class ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Stretchable Interconnects ◽  
The Cost

Interconnects that can deform under monotonous and/or repeated loading are increasingly important to a new class of electronic devices used for wearable applications. Such interconnects integrate different material sets such as polymers and metallic conductors and are subjected to large strain levels. A typical method to overcome the material incompatibility involves the conductor in the form of a serpentine or an out-of-the plane buckled geometry. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel combination of interconnect materials that enables significant improvement in the interconnect stretchability using Indium over the state-of-the-art without affecting the system performance. This was achieved without the necessity of the serpentine interconnects geometry that significantly improves the routing density. The manufacturing method used for this approach is also described. Finally, we discuss the cost competitiveness of the materials and the manufacturing method to assess the commercial viability of this approach. (5nm)

scholarly journals Fatigue-free, superstretchable, transparent, and biocompatible metal electrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (40) ◽  
pp. 12332-12337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Fei Guo ◽  
Qihan Liu ◽  
Guohui Wang ◽  
Yecheng Wang ◽  
Zhengzheng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Transparent Conductors ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Implantable Electronics ◽  
Electronic Conductors ◽  
Strained Materials ◽  
Original Configuration

Next-generation flexible electronics require highly stretchable and transparent electrodes. Few electronic conductors are both transparent and stretchable, and even fewer can be cyclically stretched to a large strain without causing fatigue. Fatigue, which is often an issue of strained materials causing failure at low strain levels of cyclic loading, is detrimental to materials under repeated loads in practical applications. Here we show that optimizing topology and/or tuning adhesion of metal nanomeshes can significantly improve stretchability and eliminate strain fatigue. The ligaments in an Au nanomesh on a slippery substrate can locally shift to relax stress upon stretching and return to the original configuration when stress is removed. The Au nanomesh keeps a low sheet resistance and high transparency, comparable to those of strain-free indium tin oxide films, when the nanomesh is stretched to a strain of 300%, or shows no fatigue after 50,000 stretches to a strain up to 150%. Moreover, the Au nanomesh is biocompatible and penetrable to biomacromolecules in fluid. The superstretchable transparent conductors are highly desirable for stretchable photoelectronics, electronic skins, and implantable electronics.

Assessing the Reliability of Highly Stretchable Interconnects for Flexible Hybrid Electronics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma Sivasubramony ◽  
Ashwin Varkey Zachariah ◽  
Mohammed Alhendi ◽  
Manu Yadav ◽  
Peter Borgesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Stretchable Interconnects

The cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Vij
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
The Cost

Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of the various issues surrounding the concept of the cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry. We also investigate how innovations in the Indian hospitality industry can optimize costs without compromising the quality of the product or the services offered. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used is mainly survey-based with the use of both structured and unstructured questionnaires. In addition, some interviews were conducted with policy-makers and academics to explore from their perspectives what might be the innovations and sustainability issues in the next decade. Findings The paper helps to identify the essential aspects of cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability in the hospitality industry and to better understand if cost optimization can be accomplished simply by realigning process or cost. These issues have become very important in India in the present context of globalization. Practical implications With growing competition on a global level, the hospitality industry needs to proactively manage its internal operations and focus on reducing costs and raising service quality. In this context, the paper helps to reveal sustainable cost effective practices that are geared to today’s competitive environment. Originality/value The inspiration to write this paper arises from the recent global economic slowdown and the fact that the hospitality industry is confronted with growing competition on a global level. This study highlights how value can be created for customers by applying suitable strategies.

Rotary Engine Rotor Side Seals Using New Machining Processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Yu-yuan Hsieh ◽  
Ming-Yi Tsai ◽  
Zhi-Zhe Xu
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Iron Alloy ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Rotary Engine ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Engine Rotor

Abstract The study has developed a new machining process for the side seal components of gray cast iron alloy of rotor engine, which is different from the traditional WEDM (wire electrical discharge machining) process. The new manufacturing process (milling + grinding process) will save 78% of the cost and 83% of the time for making each side seal component, and the accuracy of the average surface roughness of the component will be 2.1 times that of the traditional manufacturing method. If the components are polished with a self-made polishing rod, the accuracy will be increased by almost 20 times compared with the new manufacturing process.

Analysis and Comparison of Road Freight Transport Cost in 20 European Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kotsios ◽  
Dimitrios Folinas
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Road transport is one of the most popular and practical means of freight transport in the world today. However, the cost of road freight transport may differ from one country to the next due to variances in a number of cost factors, including fuels, wages, taxation, tolls, insurance, maintenance, tyres, repairs, parking spaces, etc. The goal of this research was to measure and compare the cost of road freight transport in the 20 European countries with the highest recorded volume of tonne-kilometres, in order to draw conclusions about the cost competitiveness of road freight transport among them. Cost competitiveness in the sample was measured by 4 main cost categories: fuels, drivers' wages, tyres, and tolls. The results show large cost variations between countries. The countries found to have the lowest road freight transport cost were Lithuania, Poland and Bulgaria, and those with the highest costs were Norway, Austria, and the UK. The largest differences in costs were met in tolls and other road taxes, followed by drivers' wages, fuels, and finally tyres.

Experimental Study of Flexible Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping for Electronics Cooling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vayas Tobar ◽  
Pavolas N. Christidis ◽  
Nathaniel J. O'Connor ◽  
Michal Talmor ◽  
Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Electronics Cooling ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control

As modern day electronics develop, electronic devices become smaller, more powerful, and are expected to operate in more diverse configurations. However, the thermal control systems that help these devices maintain stable operation must advance as well to meet the demands. One such demand is the advent of flexible electronics for wearable technology, medical applications, and biology-inspired mechanisms. This paper presents the design and performance characteristics of a proof of concept for a flexible Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump, based on EHD conduction pumping technology in macro- and meso-scales. Unlike mechanical pumps, EHD conduction pumps have no moving parts, can be easily adjusted to the micro-scale, and have been shown to generate and control the flow of refrigerants for electronics cooling applications. However, these pumping devices have only been previously tested in rigid configurations unsuitable for use with flexible electronics. In this work, for the first time, the net flow generated by flexible EHD conduction pumps is measured on a flat-plane and in various bending configurations. In this behavioral characteristics study, the results show that the flexible EHD conduction pumps are capable of generating significant flow velocities in all size scales considered in this study, with and without bending. This study also proves the viability of screen printing as a manufacturing method for these pumps. EHD conduction pumping technology shows potential for use in a wide range of terrestrial and space applications, including thermal control of rigid as well as flexible electronics, flow generation and control in micro-scale heat exchangers and other thermal devices, as well as cooling of high power electrical systems, soft robotic actuators, and medical devices.

scholarly journals Clustering approaches to improve the performance of low cost air pollution sensors

2017 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 621-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie R. Smith ◽  
Peter M. Edwards ◽  
Mathew J. Evans ◽  
James D. Lee ◽  
Marvin D. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Co Sensor ◽  
The Cost

Low cost air pollution sensors have substantial potential for atmospheric research and for the applied control of pollution in the urban environment, including more localized warnings to the public. The current generation of single-chemical gas sensors experience degrees of interference from other co-pollutants and have sensitivity to environmental factors such as temperature, wind speed and supply voltage. There are uncertainties introduced also because of sensor-to-sensor response variability, although this is less well reported. The sensitivity of Metal Oxide Sensors (MOS) to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) changed with relative humidity (RH) by up to a factor of five over the range of 19–90% RH and with an uncertainty in the correction of a factor of two at any given RH. The short-term (second to minute) stabilities of MOS and electrochemical CO sensor responses were reasonable. During more extended use, inter-sensor quantitative comparability was degraded due to unpredictable variability in individual sensor responses (to either measurand or interference or both) drifting over timescales of several hours to days. For timescales longer than a week identical sensors showed slow, often downwards, drifts in their responses which diverged across six CO sensors by up to 30% after two weeks. The measurement derived from the median sensor within clusters of 6, 8 and up to 21 sensors was evaluated against individual sensor performance and external reference values. The clustered approach maintained the cost competitiveness of a sensor device, but the median concentration from the ensemble of sensor signals largely eliminated the randomised hour-to-day response drift seen in individual sensors and excluded the effects of small numbers of poorly performing sensors that drifted significantly over longer time periods. The results demonstrate that for individual sensors to be optimally comparable to one another, and to reference instruments, they would likely require frequent calibration. The use of a cluster median value eliminates unpredictable medium term response changes, and other longer term outlier behaviours, extending the likely period needed between calibration and making a linear interpolation between calibrations more appropriate. Through the use of sensor clusters rather than individual sensors, existing low cost technologies could deliver significantly improved quality of observations.

scholarly journals Organic Thin Film Transistors for Flexible Electronics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aenakshi Sircar
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Thin Film Transistors ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Organic Thin Film Transistors ◽  
Organic Thin Film ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Further Development

Progress in electronics gave rise to the concept of flexible electronics. Which are widely being used for medical and aerospace research. Further development in the fields of flexible electronics unfolded another branch of this electronics system called organic flexible electronics. Organic thin-film transistors, Organic light-emitting diodes are a few of the many forms of organic flexible electronics. Organic materials being used as the substrates increase the flexibility of the electronic circuit. The conductivity of these substrates can be controlled as per requirement by varying the doping concentration of the substrate. The cost of production of organic flexible electronics is low as compared to electronics circuits using a silicon substrate. This paper illustrates the various properties of organic materials and their applications and suitability in flexible electronics.

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