Evaluation of Corrosion Growth Prediction Methodologies Using Burst Pressure Comparisons From Repeated In-Line Inspections

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chance Wright ◽  
Thomas Dessein ◽  
Yanping Li ◽  
Suzanne Ward
Keyword(s):  
Safety Factor ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Feature Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pipe Joints ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

At the forefront of the effort to understand and mitigate pipeline corrosion is the prediction of corrosion growth rates. It is important to understand the effect of corrosion growth estimates on integrity management decisions. An overly conservative approach results in unnecessary digs, while removing conservatism increases the potential for a missed feature to grow to a threatening size. While approaches to feature depth growth have been well-established, there has been less investigation into the growth of feature lengths. A literature review was performed on the methodologies applicable to length growth, and their performance was compared to those that only account for depth growth using a sample analysis. For pipelines with multiple in-line inspection (ILI) runs, feature or signal matching can be used to estimate the change in feature size. These rates can be used directly on individual features, averaged across pipe joints, or compiled into a statistical distribution. Alternatively, only one ILI measurement can be used and an assumption made on the age of the defect. These approaches are more commonly applied to depth growth but could be used to predict length growth as well. To compare the growth methodologies, the study used historical ILI measurements of a liquid pipeline to predict feature sizes and estimated burst pressures determined at the time of the latest ILI. The number of defects correctly predicted to have an insufficient burst pressure safety factor for safe operation was compared to the number of defects that were erroneously predicted to not meet this criterion, and those that were predicted to be safe but later found to not meet the safety factor requirement. The number of erroneously flagged defects was found to vary the most between methodologies. For the assessed data set, using the joint average rate based on feature box-matching was non-conservative on average. It was also found that incorporating length growth did not significantly affect the accuracy of the burst pressure predictions.

Pipeline Corrosion Integrity Management by Direct Assessment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Javia
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Post Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

Integrity management of pipelines is a systematic, comprehensive and integrated approach to proactively counter the threats to pipeline integrity. Pressure testing, in-line inspection and direct assessment methods are used to verify the integrity of a buried pipeline. The Paper Discuses Direct Assessment Methodologies for Hydrocarbon Non Piggable Pipelines. Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Assessment methodology and DA Protocols. The DA process accomplishes this by utilizing and integrating condition monitoring, effective mitigation, meticulous documentation and timely structured reporting processes. DA is a structured, iterative integrity assessment process through which an operator may be able to assess and evaluate the integrity of a pipeline segment. TIME DEPENDENT THREATS INEVITABLY LED TO NUMEROUS FAILURES WITH A COMMON DEFINING MECHANISM OR SOURCE – CORROSION. This Paper will focus on internal, external and stress corrosion cracking direct assessment along with pre and post assessment, quality assurance, data analysis and integration, and remediation and mitigation activities. This paper will discuss some of the regulatory requirements for Pipeline Integrity Management System.

Multiple Data Set ILI for Mechanical Damage Assessment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Goller ◽  
James Simek ◽  
Jed Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Pipe Joints ◽  
Multiple Data Sets ◽  
Multiple Field ◽  
Flux Leakage

The purpose of this paper is to present a non-traditional pipeline mechanical damage ranking system using multiple-data-set in-line inspection (ILI) tools. Mechanical damage continues to be a major factor in reportable incidents for hazardous liquid and gas pipelines. While several ongoing programs seek to limit damage incidents through public awareness, encroachment monitoring, and one-call systems, others have focused efforts on the quantification of mechanical damage severity through modeling, the use of ILI tools, and subsequent feature assessment at locations selected for excavation. Current generation ILI tools capable of acquiring multiple-data-sets in a single survey may provide an improved assessment of the severity of damaged zones using methods developed in earlier research programs as well as currently reported information. For magnetic flux leakage (MFL) type tools, using multiple field levels, varied field directions, and high accuracy deformation sensors enables detection and provides the data necessary for enhanced severity assessments. This paper will provide a review of multiple-data-set ILI results from several pipe joints with simulated mechanical damage locations created mimicing right-of-way encroachment events in addition to field results from ILI surveys using multiple-data-set tools.

scholarly journals Deeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Pilla ◽  
Craig E. Williamson ◽  
Boris V. Adamovich ◽  
Rita Adrian ◽  
Orlane Anneville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Water Column Stability ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Lake Characteristics

AbstractGlobally, lake surface water temperatures have warmed rapidly relative to air temperatures, but changes in deepwater temperatures and vertical thermal structure are still largely unknown. We have compiled the most comprehensive data set to date of long-term (1970–2009) summertime vertical temperature profiles in lakes across the world to examine trends and drivers of whole-lake vertical thermal structure. We found significant increases in surface water temperatures across lakes at an average rate of + 0.37 °C decade−1, comparable to changes reported previously for other lakes, and similarly consistent trends of increasing water column stability (+ 0.08 kg m−3 decade−1). In contrast, however, deepwater temperature trends showed little change on average (+ 0.06 °C decade−1), but had high variability across lakes, with trends in individual lakes ranging from − 0.68 °C decade−1 to + 0.65 °C decade−1. The variability in deepwater temperature trends was not explained by trends in either surface water temperatures or thermal stability within lakes, and only 8.4% was explained by lake thermal region or local lake characteristics in a random forest analysis. These findings suggest that external drivers beyond our tested lake characteristics are important in explaining long-term trends in thermal structure, such as local to regional climate patterns or additional external anthropogenic influences.

Graded EMAT Performance Specification Validated in Blind Test

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munendra Tomar ◽  
Toby Fore ◽  
Marc Baumeister ◽  
Chris Yoxall ◽  
Thomas Beuker
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Blind Test ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Performance Specification ◽  
Pipe Joints ◽  
The Individual

The management of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) represents one of the challenges for pipeline operating companies with pipelines potentially susceptible to SCC. In order to help better support the management of SCC, a graded performance specification for the high-resolution Electro-Magnetic Acoustical Transducer (EMAT) In-Line Inspection (ILI) technology is derived which provides higher levels of confidence for detection of crack-field anomalies with critical dimensions. This paper presents the process used to derive the graded performance values for the EMAT ILI technology with regard to SCC. The process covers the Probability of Detection (POD) and Probability of Identification (POI). A blind test was carried out to derive the graded performance specification. Test data set was compiled comprising EMAT data for several joints containing relevant anomalies and neighboring joints, some containing additional shallow SCC. These joints had been dug based on EMAT ILI data and all of the joints were evaluated with 360 degree Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) followed by destructive testing. For each target joint with relevant anomalies to be assessed, four additional joints were added in random order to generate a realistic density and distribution of anomalies. Furthermore, pipe joints with non-crack like anomalies, as well as pipe joints with mixed populations were included in the blind test data set to ensure a realistic feature population and to assess POI without side effects of a weighed feature population inside set of composed ILI data. The data set was then evaluated by multiple analysts and result from each analyst were evaluated and utilized to derive the POD and POI values for the graded specification. In addition, the full process of data analysis including team lead review was carried out for one of the analysts for comparison to the individual analyst results. Anomaly dimensions were compared against the true population to derive the POD and POI values. Furthermore, length and depth sizing performance was assessed.

Learnings From Data Management and Integration Efforts on the Enbridge Pipeline System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry L. Sommer ◽  
Brad S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Data Alignment ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Management Effort ◽  
Analysis System

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. operates one of the longest and most complex pipeline systems in the world. A key aspect of the Enbridge Integrity Management Program (IMP) is the trending, analysis, and management of data collected from over 50 years of pipeline operations. This paper/presentation describes Enbridge’s challenges, learnings, processes, and innovations for meeting today’s increased data management/integration demands. While much has been written around the premise of data management/integration, and many software solutions are available in the commercial market, the greatest data management challenge for mature pipeline operators arises from the variability of data (variety of technologies, data capture methods, and data accuracy levels) collected over the operating history of the system. Ability to bring this variable data set together is substantially the most difficult aspect of a coordinated data management effort and is critical to the success of any such project. Failure to do this will result in lack of user confidence and inability to gain “buy-in” to new data management processes. In 2001 Enbridge began a series of initiatives to enhance data management and analysis. Central to this was the commitment to accurate geospatial alignment of integrity data. This paper/presentation describes Enbridge’s experience with development of custom software (Integrated Spatial Analysis System – ISAS) including critical learnings around a.) Data alignment efforts and b.) Significant efforts involved in development of an accurate pipe centreline. The paper/presentation will also describe co-incident data management programs that link to ISAS. This includes enhanced database functionality for excavation data and development of software to enable electronic transfer of data to this database. These tools were built to enable rapid transfer of field data and “real time” tool validation through automated unity plots of tool defect data vs. that measured in the field.

Safe Operation of Jacket Platforms in a Major Oil Field in the North Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingar Scherf ◽  
Trine Hansen ◽  
Gudfinnur Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Integrity Management

Offshore Structures operate for decades in extremely hostile environments. It is important during this period that the structural integrity is efficiently managed to ensure continuous and safe operation. Increased use of enhanced oil and gas recovery means it is likely that many existing installations will remain operational for a significant period beyond the original design life. The operator needs to capture, evaluate and, if necessary, mitigate design premise changes which inevitably occur during the life of a structure. Further, advances in knowledge and technology may imply changes in codes and standards as well as in analysis methodologies. Changes in corporate structures, transfer of operator responsibility and retirement of experienced engineers call for reliable means to transfer historical data and experience to new stakeholders. Effective emergency preparedness capabilities, structural integrity assessments and inspection planning presuppose that as-is analysis models and corresponding information are easily accessible. This paper presents an implementation of the in-service integrity management process described in the new revision of NORSOK standard N-005 [1] for a large fleet of jackets at the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The process, comprising management of design premise changes as well as state-of-the-art technical solutions over a range of disciplines, has enabled the operator to prolong the service life with decades at minimum investments. A structure integrity management system (SIMS) has been developed and digitized over years and streamlined to meet the needs and challenges in the operation and management of the jacket platforms. SIMS enables a rather lean organization to control the structural integrity status of all load-bearing structures at any time. Platform reinforcements and modifications along with other operational risk reducing measures like unman the platforms in severe storms enable continued use with the same level of safety as for new manned platforms. Advanced analyses are used to document regulatory compliance. Modern fatigue and reliability based inspection planning analyses have reduced the costs needed for inspection of fatigue cracks significantly. The benefits from the SIMS system are substantial and the resulting safety and productivity gains are apparent. The continuity of knowledge and experience is maintained, reducing risk to safety and regularity. The digital transformation related to management of structural integrity status as described in NORSOK standard N-005 is realized through SIMS.

scholarly journals The Impact of Soda Taxes: Pass-Through, Tax Avoidance, and Nutritional Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 002224372096940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Seiler ◽  
Anna Tuchman ◽  
Song Yao
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Geographic Coverage ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The authors analyze the impact of a tax on sweetened beverages using a unique data set of prices, quantities sold, and nutritional information across several thousand taxed and untaxed beverages for a large set of stores in Philadelphia and its surrounding area. The tax is passed through at an average rate of 97%, leading to a 34% price increase. Demand in the taxed area decreases by 46% in response to the tax. Cross-shopping to stores outside of Philadelphia offsets more than half of the reduction in sales in the city and decreases the net reduction in sales of taxed beverages to only 22%. There is no significant substitution to bottled water and modest substitution to untaxed natural juices. The authors show that tax avoidance through cross-shopping severely constrains revenue generation and nutritional improvement, thus making geographic coverage an important policy decision.

Validity of the LAPA Method for Assessment of Defects Reported by In-Line Inspection Tools

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fletcher ◽  
Louis Fenyvesi
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Independent Validation ◽  
Defect Profile ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

Over recent years, RSTRENG has gained acceptance as a reliable method of assessing the effect of pipeline corrosion defects, while reducing the conservatism inherent in some of the alternative assessment models. The Length Adaptive Pressure Assessment (LAPA) algorithm has been developed to apply an adaptation of the RSTRENG methodology directly to the results of a magnetic in-line inspection. Adoption of the LAPA technique offers substantial accuracy and efficiency benefits over the more conventional processes, but the industry requires confirmation of the method’s validity before it can take advantage of these. The paper will describe the LAPA validation work performed by PII, and independent validation undertaken by TransCanada Pipelines and other pipeline operators. The independent validation took the form of a comparison of LAPA-based burst pressure calculations with RSTRENG calculations based on direct infield measurements of the defect profile. TransCanada also performed a series of burst tests to quantify the accuracy of the LAPA calculations.

Thermochronological constraints on the Late Cenozoic evolution of the northeastern Pamir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenqiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Channel Flow ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Late Cenozoic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kongur Shan ◽  
Geodynamic Models ◽  
Exhumation History ◽  
East West

<p>Situated at the northwestern end of the India–Asia collision zone, the northeastern Pamir is an important area to explore intracontinental tectonic processes and geodynamic models. In this study, thermochronology is applied to constrain the Late Cenozoic exhumation history of the northeastern Pamir. A new thermochronological data set, combined with previous thermochronological data, suggests that (1) the Late Cenozoic exhumation of the northeastern Pamir began at ~22–18 Ma; (2) the strong crustal contraction in the hinterland of the northeastern Pamir occurred during ~13–10 Ma and ~8–6 Ma; and (3) the east-west extension along the Kongur Shan dome initiated at ~5–3 Ma, and it has resulted in the exhumation of the core of the dome with an average rate of ~2–4 mm/a. I propose that (1) the Early Miocene exhumation of the northeastern Pamir is related to the initiation of the Main Pamir thrust; (2) the first and second stages of the strong crustal contraction are respectively correlated with the northward propagation of the crustal channel flow in the northeastern Pamir and the initial collision between the northeastern Pamir and the Tian Shan; and (3) the east-west extension is driven by the extrusion of the ductile channel flow.</p>

SCC In-Field Inspection Technology Evaluation and its Application to EMAT Based Pipeline Integrity Management Programs

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samarth Tandon ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Mark Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
Technology Evaluation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Field Inspection ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Integrity Management

Most recently, as a complement to the ongoing efforts to monitor and document improvements in EMAT ILI technology, PRCI conducted an extensive study of NDE inspection technologies for characterizing SCC in pipelines using various in-ditch technologies and methods. The test pipes used for the study were cut outs from an operating pipeline where SCC features were identified and sized using EMAT ILI technologies. These are now sized with the NDE study and correlated with EMAT data to support an improvement of EMAT technology in characterizing SCC features. More importantly, the test pipes were burst tested to failure, with post failure analysis completed to fully characterize the crack features, including detailed length and depth measurements. This complete data set provides a comprehensive view of the current capabilities of NDE inspection technologies and EMAT ILI technologies to detect and characterize SCC and crack-like features. In this paper, the approach used for the evaluation of in-ditch NDE and EMAT ILI technologies is presented first. The in-ditch NDE technologies used for evaluation which were commonly used for SCC characterization are then described. SCC characterization results from in-ditch NDE and EMAT ILI are summarized and compared to those directly measured from fracture surfaces exposed by burst tests. The findings and its application to pipeline integrity management programs are discussed.

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