Exergetic, Thermal, and Externalities Analyses of a Cogeneration Plant

Solar Energy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Bailey ◽  
Peter Curtiss ◽  
Paul H. Blanton ◽  
Thomas B. McBrayer
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Active Coal ◽  
Anthracite Culm

A thermodynamic study of an 88 MW cogeneration plant located in the United States is presented. The plant is singled out for consideration since the feedstock consists of waste anthracite culm banks. The culm banks remain on the ground surface after decades of active coal mining in the region. Before combustion, usable coal within the culm is separated from the indigenous rock and conveyed to circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. The indigenous rock and ashes from combustion are used as fill in adjacent land previously scared by strip mining. Trees and grass are planted in these areas as part of a land reclamation program. The research reported here includes the results of thermodynamic analyses of the cogeneration plant cycle and processes. Analyses based on the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics are first presented to acquaint the reader with the plant’s components and operation. Data used in the calculations are based on actual operating data obtained at the cogeneration plant during a mass and energy balance study conducted in the late 1990’s. The data are average values and indicative of the plant’s base load operating state. Using emission and other relevant environmental data from the plant, an externalities study is outlined that estimates the plant’s effect on the local population.

Exergetic, Thermal, and Externalities Analyses of a Cogeneration Plant

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Bailey ◽  
Peter Curtiss ◽  
CPT Paul H. Blanton ◽  
CPT Thomas B. McBrayer
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Anthracite Coal

A thermodynamic study of an 88.4MW cogeneration plant located in the United States is presented in this paper. The feedstock for this actual plant is culm, the waste left from anthracite coal mining. Before combustion in circulating fluidized bed boilers, the usable carbon within the culm is separated from the indigenous rock. The rock and ash waste from the combustion process fill adjacent land previously scared by strip mining. Trees and grass are planted in these areas as part of a land reclamation program. Analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics using actual operating data are first presented to acquaint the reader with the plant’s components and operation. Using emission and other relevant environmental data from the plant, an externalities study is outlined that estimates the plant’s effect on the local population. The results show that the plant’s cycle performs with a coefficient of utilization of 29% and an approximate exergetic efficiency of 34.5%. In order to increase these values, recommended improvements to the plant are noted. In addition, the externality costs associated with the estimated SO2 and NOX discharge from the culm fed plant are approximately 1mil∕kWh produced. This is considerably lower (85–95%) than those associated with a similarly sized coal fed plant. The plant’s cycle efficiencies are lower than those associated with more modern technologies; such as an integrated gas turbine combined cycle. However, given the abundant, inexpensive supply of feedstock located adjacent to the plant and the environmental benefit of removing culm banks, the plant’s existing operation is unique from an economical and environmental viewpoint.

Personal Reflections on the 1982 Special Anthropometric Issue of Social Science History

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley L. Engerman
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Science History ◽  
Social Science History ◽  
Christopher Lasch ◽  
Personal Reflections

Looking back at the more than 20 years that have gone by since the 1982 special issue of Social Science History, it is interesting to observe how important the study of anthropometric data has been in contributing to economic history and related disciplines.While there had been numerous earlier comments by contemporary observers as well as by scholars about heights and their implications as seen in JamesTanner's marvelous study, A History of the Study of Human Growth (1981), the systematic work that was reflected in the 1982 volume was then only about six or seven years old in the United States. It represented the early output of a study directed by Robert Fogel, primarily through the Development of the American Economy (DAE) project of the National Bureau of Economic Research.There had been a few previous publications including my own piece in Local Population Studies (Engerman 1976). My first use of the height-by-age data was in response to a dinnerparty conversation in 1974 with two ofmy colleagues in the Rochester history department:Herbert Gutman and Christopher Lasch.

Discovering the Polaris Fault, Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Lewis E. Hunter ◽  
Ronn S. Rose ◽  
Bruce Hilton ◽  
William McCormick ◽  
Todd Crampton
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lake Tahoe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Vegetation Canopy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Purpose

Abstract Martis Creek Dam, located in the Truckee Basin north of Lake Tahoe, CA, was initially rated as one of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ highest risk dams in the United States. While the dam has performed its flood control purpose, a history of excessive seepage during even moderate reservoir levels has prevented it from also fulfilling its potential water storage function. During seepage and seismic studies to assess and mitigate deficiencies, high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were obtained. This imagery provides an unprecedented representation of the ground surface that allows evaluation of geomorphology even in areas with a dense vegetation canopy. At Martis Creek Dam, this geomorphic analysis resulted in the recognition of a previously unknown and through-going lineament between the spillway and dam embankment. This feature extends to the southeast, where several lineament splays are exposed on the East Martis Creek Fan. These lineaments were subsequently explored by paleo-seismic trenching at two locations and confirmed as faults with Late Quaternary to Holocene displacement. Faulting was confirmed in both trenches as unique splays of a fault zone with several feet of apparent normal (vertical) slip and an unknown magnitude, but a potentially significant, strike-slip component. Faulting was observed near the ground surface in both cases, and multiple fault events (a minimum of two) are interpreted as at least latest Pleistocene in age, and probably active in the Holocene.

The Regional Centrality of Vietnam’s Central Highlands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Salemink
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Local Leaders

Vietnam’s Central Highlands—or Tây Nguyên—area is usually described as remote, backward, and primitive, but this region has played a central role in the history of the surrounding states and the wider East and Southeast Asia region. Far from isolated, the Central Highlands engaged in trade in precious forest products with lowland states and beyond since at least the emergence of the Hinduized Cham states from the first centuries ce onward. Lowland and coastal states needed the support of local leaders and traders in order to boost their trade and tax revenues. In addition, as a buffer between various rivalrous polities now known as Vietnam, Champa, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the area occupied a strategic position in the wider mainland Southeast Asia region. With the emergence of a unified, neo-Confucianist Vietnamese state the region lost its centrality until the late colonial era, when its strategic value turned it into a battleground among various Vietnamese parties, France, and the United States. It was here that the outcome of the Indochina wars was determined, but at a terrible price for the local population. After the adoption of economic reforms in reunified Vietnam the Central highlands regained its economic centrality, predicated on the global prominence of its valuable cash crops such as coffee, tea, rubber, pepper, and cashew. This coffee boom was based on the labor of lowlander in-migrants, who displaced and dispossessed the highlanders in the process, turning the national and international integration of the Central Highlands and its renewed centrality into a tragic experience for the Central Highlanders. By taking the centrality of the Central Highlands seriously, I arrive at an alternative historical periodization.

Wind Erosion Prediction and Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Nanney ◽  
D. W. Fryrear ◽  
T. M. Zobeck
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Erosion Prediction ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
And Control

Few regions of the United States are entirely safe from wind erosion. Whenever the soil surface is loose and dry with limited crop residue cover, and the wind sufficiently strong, soil erosion will occur. Soil erosion by wind causes diffuse pollution, loss of topsoil, reduced crop production, and damage to both public and private facilities. Factors contributing to the wind erosion process can vary daily. This complex process presents a challenge to the science of wind erosion prediction and control. USDA Agricultural Research Service is developing a new Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to overcome the limitations of the existing Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ). WEPS is a computer based model with submodels for crops, soils, tillage, erosion, weather, hydrology, and decomposition. USDA Soil Conservation Service assisted with the characterization of changes in the temporal soil properties of the tillage zone and ground surface and erosion rates at a validation site in the Great Lakes region. The results of the data collection for the soils and erosion submodels and a discussion of a windbreak demonstration site show the dynamic nature of the wind erosion process.

scholarly journals Ovariectomy as a Management Technique in Suburban Deer Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. DeNicola ◽  
Vickie L. DeNicola
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Deer Management ◽  
Surgical Sterilization ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTOverabundant suburban deer (Odocoileus spp.) are a source of human-wildlife conflict in many communities throughout the United States. Deer-vehicle collisions, tick-borne pathogens, impacts on local vegetation, and other negative interactions are the typical reasons cited for initiating a deer management program. Social attitudes, legal constraints, and perceived safety concerns lead many communities to examine nonlethal management options. Surgical sterilization is currently the only nonlethal method available to permanently sterilize females with a single treatment. There are limited data demonstrating methods and outcomes in management programs that sterilize a high percentage (>90%) of the local population, particularly regarding the impact of immigration on non-isolated populations. We present data from 6 surgical sterilization sites with geographically open populations in California, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Virginia, USA. From 2012–2020, we sterilized 493 deer primarily via ovariectomy. We conducted annual or periodic population estimates using camera surveys, road-based distance sampling, and intensive field observations to assess population trends. Initial densities ranged from about 6–63 deer/km2. Study sites ranged from 1.2 km2 to 16.5 km2, and initial populations ranged from ~47 to 169 individuals. For our 6 study sites, we noted an average reduction in deer abundance of approximately 25% (range: 16.2%–36.2%) from Year 1 to Year 2. Four years after the first treatment, at monitored sites (n = 4) using this management method, we noted an average total population reduction of about 45% (range: 28%–56%). During the first year, the average cost per deer handled was $1,221 (range: $864–$1,998). These projects demonstrate that significant reductions in local deer densities using high percentage surgical sterilization programs can be achieved in non-insular locations. Sustained sterilization efforts are necessary, as is the case with all deer management programs in open landscapes.

scholarly journals A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Leong ◽  
Michelle D Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Urban Intensification ◽  
The City ◽  
Us Cities

Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.

scholarly journals Extra-Linguistic Features of the Southern Dialect of American English in the Novel of Harper Lee “Go Set a Watchman”

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Anatolevna Deputatova ◽  
Diana Rustamovna Sabirova ◽  
Liya Faridovna Shangaraeva ◽  
Anel Nailevna Sabirova ◽  
Olga Valerevna Akimova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
English Language ◽  
American English ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Harper Lee

Abstract The article discusses the multi-level linguistic features of the variations of the American English in the United States under the influence of territorial isolation, which forms the structure and functional use of the language. In the USA an extensive material on regional types of pronunciation has been collected in the fields of sociolinguistics and dialectology while the variability of English speech on the territory of the United States of America remains practically unexplored. In this article the extra-linguistic features, namely, territorial peculiarities of the southern dialect are considered in combination with the features of the dialect of the South Mountain region and the dialect of South Coast area on the example of the novel “Go Set a Watchman” by Harper Lee. Phonetic, grammatical and lexical peculiarities of the southern dialect have been studied. The examples from the book enabled us to see the specific nature of the dialect of the Southern United States. We have also compared phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of this dialect with the literary English language and saw huge differences. Having analyzed the grammatical peculiarities of the southern dialect, for example, we conclude that the most common grammatical error of the local population is the incorrect formation of general questions, the use of the tense forms of the verbs and the absence of auxiliary verbs in the sentences.

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