Gas and Water Permeation in Flexible Pipes

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Roberg Andersen ◽  
Jan Ivar Skar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Flexible Pipes ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

A test program has been performed to obtain the permeation coefficients for methane, carbon dioxide and water in PVDF. Small-scale tests showed that water is transported through the PVDF inner sheath of the flexible pipes, and into the annulus. A large-scale test was carried out to verify the small-scale test results. It was performed in a 2″ flexible pipe with length 3 m. The bore temperature and pressure were 100°C and 50 bar, respectively. The pipe was submerged in cold water in order to get a correct temperature gradient in the pipe. The test showed that the annulus of flexible pipe with PVDF inner sheath would become water wet due to permeation, depending upon the bore and annulus conditions.

Impact of Water on the Fatigue Performance of Large-Scale Grouted Connection Tests

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schaumann ◽  
Alexander Raba ◽  
Anne Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
The Impact

Grouted connections represent a common joining technique between substructure and foundation piles of offshore oil & gas platforms as well as of offshore wind turbines. Due to cyclic loads arising from wind and wave actions the fatigue performance of the connection has to be considered. In lattice substructures like jackets the grouted connections are located at seabed level being fully submerged during their entire lifetime. Today’s fatigue design regulations are based on investigations neglecting any influence of the surrounding water since they were conducted in dry ambient conditions. So far, only Germanischer Lloyd gives additional recommendations for submerged grouted connections. At the Institute for Steel Construction, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany investigations of the joint research project ‘GROWup’ focus on the fatigue performance of axially loaded grouted connections. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi, funding sign: 0325290) and is the third project in a row dealing with grouted connections. As part of this research project, cyclic loading tests on small-scale and large-scale grouted connections with shear keys are conducted. Small-scale fatigue tests showed a reduced number of endurable load cycles for connections when tested in wet ambient conditions. However, the transferability of these findings to a larger scale was still doubtful due to unknown scale effects. Therefore, the impact of water on the fatigue performance was tested recently at large-scale grouted connections. Previous to the submerged large-scale grouted connection fatigue tests, similar test specimens were exposed to alternating loads at dry ambient conditions. Comparison of both large-scale test results under wet and dry conditions enable to estimate the influence of water on the fatigue performance of grouted connections. Reflection of the small-scale test results gives hints on the scale effect. Test preparation, test results and design recommendations are presented in the paper.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Buku Ajar Perkoperasian Indonesia Dalam Perkuliahan Mahasiswa Prodi Pendidikan Ekonomi

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Putri Vina Sefaverdiana ◽  
Melisa Wahyu Fandyansari
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Improve Student Learning

Indonesian Cooperative textbooks are development research aimed at developing quality textbooks and can effectively improve understanding of existing cooperatives in Indonesia. Textbooks as a support in Cooperative lectures, in order to improve student learning in class so that students have understanding and skills in cooperating. The purpose of this textbook is to make it easier for students to learn and understand as a provision for students to develop cooperatives in their respective areas of residence. The method in this research is a research and development research using a model from Dick and Carrey. The test results obtained from the first material expert were 84.5%, the second material expert obtained 76.4%. 3%. After the expert test was carried out a small-scale test where the result was 82.6% and the large-scale test obtained a result of 86.3%. From the results of the percentage, it states that the textbook is in the good category and is feasible to apply

scholarly journals TAHAP PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR “CREATIVE FACTOR” BERBASIS PROYEK PADA MATERI KELIPATAN DAN FAKTOR BILANGAN DIKELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Riana ◽  
Rida Fironika Kusumadewi ◽  
Nuhyal Ulia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Teacher Responses

Abstrak. This research is to develop and find out the feasibility of "Creative Factor" teaching material products on multiples and number factors. "Creative Factor" teaching material products multiples and number factors are developed based on the teacher's need for other reference sources in learning. This research uses the Research and Development (RnD) method. The development of "Creative Factor" teaching material products uses a development research procedure according to Sugiyono that contains 10 thrones. Based on this, the research results obtained include: (1) the validation results from 4 experts obtained an average score of 84 and a percentage of 90% with the criteria "Very Eligible". (2) the results of the small-scale test get teacher responses obtained by the percentage of 88% with the criteria "Very Practical". While the results of student responses obtained 97.2% percentage "Very Practical". (3) large-scale test results obtained by teacher responses obtained by the percentage of 90% with the criteria "Very Practical". While the results of student responses obtained 96% percentage "Very Practical". Based on these results, the development of "Creative Factor" teaching material products can be declared worthy to be used as a companion in the learning process.

Corrosion Testing of Armour Wire in Simulated Annulus Environments of Flexible Pipelines: An Update

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Andrew D. Ethridge
Keyword(s):  
Deionized Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Condensed Water ◽  
Test Cells ◽  
Sour Service ◽  
First Time ◽  
Permeation Models

This paper describes further investigations, utilising small scale test cells, into the general corrosion which can occur on wires within the inherent annulus space in a flexible pipe, particularly, and for the first time, in a sour service (H2S containing) environment. The work enhances data presented previously in 2002. Tests have been performed in cells specifically designed to simulate, as closely as possible, the environment and confines of a flexible pipe annulus, using solutions of both deionized water and seawater (to represent seawater flooding and condensed water). The systems were saturated with CO2 and H2S to simulate permeation of gases through the polymer pressure sheath (as predicted by validated permeation models). Weight loss measurements were undertaken in order to quantify the corrosion rate in these simulated annulus environments and metallography was undertaken to characterise the corrosion and check for HIC/SOHIC.

Analytical Model for Rockfall Protection Galleries - a Blind Prediction of Test Results and Conclusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Schellenberg ◽  
Norimitsu Kishi ◽  
Hisashi Kon-No
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Blind Prediction ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Protective Structures ◽  
Cushion Layer

A system of multiple degrees of freedom composed out of three masses and three springs has been presented in 2008 for analyzing rockfall impacts on protective structures covered by a cushion layer. The model has then been used for a blind prediction of a large-scale test carried out in Sapporo, Japan, in November 2009. The test results showed substantial deviations from the blind predictions, which led to a deeper evaluation of the model input parameters showing a significant influence of the modeling properties for the cushion layer on the overall results. The cushion properties include also assumptions for the loading geometry and the definition of the parameters can be challenging. This paper introduces the test setup and the selected parameters in the proposed model for the blind prediction. After comparison with the test results, adjustments in the input parameters in order to match the test results have been evaluated. Conclusions for the application of the model as well as for further model improvements are drawn.

scholarly journals Illumination Normalization Algorithm Combination Analysis in Face Recognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-339
Author(s):  
Rokas Semėnas
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Illumination Normalization ◽  
Recognition Algorithms ◽  
Life Problems

Face recognition programs have many practical usages in various fields, such as security or entertainment. Existing recognition algorithms must deal with various real life problems – mainly with illumination. In practice, illumination normalization models are often used only for Small-scale futures extraction, ignoring Large-scale features. In this article, new and more direct approach to this problem is offered, used algorithms and test results are given.

scholarly journals The Development of Nervous Problem Based Modulewith Character Conservation for Nervous System Materials in the Senior High School

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
Reefa Qudsiya ◽  
Lisdiana Lisdiana ◽  
Nugrahaningsih WH
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Valid Test ◽  
Readability Test ◽  
Positive Results

Nervous system teaching materials available in schools do not contain scientific-related content as mandated by the 2013 curriculum. In addition, teaching materials also do not contain student character reinforcement content. The purpose of this study is to develop “Nervous Problem Based Module with a  Conservation Character” as a nervous system learning supplement. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using ten steps, namely identification of potential and problems, data collection, product design, product design validation, product design revisions, small scale trials, product revision I, large scale trials, product revision II, and final products. The research subjects were students of class XI of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus. Nervous Problem Based Module with a  Conservation Character  tested the feasibility, readability, and effectiveness. Feasibility tests obtained very valid results. Readability test results were very valid. Test effectiveness by applying  Nervous Problem Based Module with a  Conservation Character in learning, obtained effective results and can be used in learning. The insertion of the conservation character reinforcement in the module gives positive results on the character of students. It can be concluded that “Nervous Problem Based Module with a Conservation Character” is decent and effectively applied in the nervous system learning.

scholarly journals Modifikasi alat cakram untuk proses pembelajaran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Laras Gita Kinanti ◽  
Utvi Hinda Zhannisa ◽  
Tubagus Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plate Waste ◽  
Education Material ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Student Questionnaire ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Expert Validation

The purpose of this research is to modify a simple disc device for learning physical education. The research method used was the development of Borg & Gall, namely (1) collecting information, (2) developing the initial form (in the form of a disc tool model), (3) expert validation testing, namely using 1 validation of athletic experts and one physical education learning expert, and small-scale trials using questionnaires and analysis, (4) revision of the first product design, based on the results of experts and small-scale trials (20 students), (5) field trials (48 students), (6) final product revision, (7) the final result of the modification produced through revision of field trials.The results of expert validation were carried out by 2 validities, namely validation in the field of athletic experts and validation of physical education material experts, and the results obtained in each validity were the first for the validation results in the field of athletic experts getting a percentage of 87.6% calcification (Good) , the second for the validation results in the field of Physical Education material experts got a percentage of 83.0% with the classification (Good). The results of the student questionnaire on a small scale test got a percentage of 86.6% (good). the results of the questionnaire on large-scale test students got a percentage of 81.8% (good).The conclusion and advice is that the development of a modified model of disc throwing tools with iron plate waste media can be used as an alternative to discus throwing. With the modification of disc throwing, teachers and students can be helped in learning discusses, students are interested and more active and excited in learning throw the disc.

scholarly journals Pengembangan model bermain sepakbola untuk meningkatkan aspek psikologis anak usia 12 -13 tahun di Yogyakarta

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Muna Aprilianto ◽  
Tomoliyus Tomoliyus
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Research Stage

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan buku pedoman bermain sepakbola untuk meningkatkan aspek psikologis (semangat, gembira, dan disiplin) anak usia 12-13 tahun di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan yang terdiri atas dua tahapan yaitu tahap penelitian pendahuluan terdiri dari kajian literatur, kajian penelitian relevan, studi lapangan dan tahap pengembangan terdiri perencanaan, validasi ahli, uji skala kecil, dan uji skala besar. Peneliti ini mengambil sampel dari sekolah sepakbola di Yogyakarta. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Pada uji coba skala kecil dilakukan di SSB Real Madrid melibatkan 10 siswa dan satu orang pelatih. Pada uji coba skala besar dilakukan di dua tempat yaitu di SSB Real Madrid dan SSB Bina Putra Jaya Sleman melibatkan 38 siswa dan dua pelatih. Analsis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil validasi menunjukkan model bermain sepakbola anak usia 12-13 tahun layak untuk diuji cobakan. Berdasarkan Hasil pelaksanaan pada uji coba skala kecil dan besar secara substansi isi dan pelaksanaan tergolong sangat baik. Hasil penilaian efektivitas model tehadap psikologis anak berupa semangat, gembira, dan disiplin mengalami peningkatan: nilai pertemuan kedua lebih tinggi dari pertemuan pertama. Dapat disimpulkan model bermain sepakbola anak usia 12-13 tahun efektif untuk meningkatkan aspek psikologis berupa semangat, gembira, dan disiplin siswa dalam melakukan latihan sepakbola.Kata Kunci: model, bermain, psikologis, sekolah sepakbola Development a playing soccer model to improve the psychological aspects of 12-13 years old children in Yogyakarta AbstractThis research aims to develop a playing soccer model to improve the psychological aspects (spirit, joy, and discipline) of 12-13 years old children in Yogyakarta. This study is a research and development which consists of two stages. The Preliminary research stage and development stage. The Preliminary research stage consisted of a literature review, relevant research studies and field studies. The Development stage consisted of planning, validation expert, small-scale test, and test large scale. The Validation involve three people experts. The sampel of take it from soccer school in Yogyakarta. The small-scale tryout was conducted on 10 students and one coach of Real Madrid Soccer School in Yogyakarta. The large-scale trials were conducted with two soccer school on 38 students and two coach of Yogyakarta Real Madrid Soccer School and Sleman Bina Putra Jaya Soccer School. The resul is a playing soccer model for children aged 12-13 years with the title "Playing Soccer in Practice to Improve Psychological Aspects". Based on the small-scale tryout and the small-scale tryout content implementation aspects are in an excellent category. The Psychological development of students assessment resulting in the form of passion, joy, and discipline in playing soccer show improvement: score of the second meeting is greater than the average score of the first meeting, thus it can be concluded thaat the playing soccer model for children age 12-13 years is effective to improve students’ psychological aspects, including the aspects of spirit, joy, and discipline in doing soccer practice.Keywords: models, play, psychological, soccer school

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