Development of Harsh Environment Field With Ice Loadings Using Concrete Spar: Variability of Options

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Sablok ◽  
Erlend Hovland ◽  
Svein Stromme ◽  
Andrew Blundon
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A floating platform in deep water East Canada is required to withstand iceberg loads and/or be disconnected and towed away in the event of very large approaching icebergs, leaving the mooring lines and risers in-place, support large topsides and in most cases, provide large quantities of oil storage in the hull. Concepts considered for deep water application in the area include ship shaped self-propelled disconnectable FPSO and disconnectable and permanently connected deep draft floaters. This paper presents the details of Concrete Spar platforms that have been configured to satisfy all the above requirements. Several variations in the functionality and configurations of the platforms were studied to understand the impact on the overall cost and risks. The case variations primarily included: • Disconnectable options for hull, mooring and risers • Non-disconnectable option able to handle the full iceberg load • With and without crude oil storage in hull • Sacrificial or non-sacrificial mooring or risers • Steel riser configurations (freely hanging catenary, SCR vs. lazy wave, SLWR) • Hull with and without riser support Buoy • Location of mooring fairleads (on Upper hull or Buoy) • Riser support configuration (Pull Tubes or Flex Joints) The iceberg loads experienced by the hull depended on the disconnection philosophy. The Concrete Spar hull is a 6-cell structure with the risers located inside the open centerwell. The paper describes several key features of the hull, mooring and riser systems for each case that are specifically designed to withstand iceberg loads and other environment loads while maintaining the characteristic low motion response for all the options considered. Additionally, the system has been designed to minimize the disconnection and reconnection time for the disconnectable cases. The platform dimensions and weights have been compared for the various options considered. The cases without oil storage in the hull have significantly smaller and lighter hull relative to similar cases with oil storage. The cases without hull disconnection option had similar hull dimensions but marginally higher concrete weight relative to the hull disconnection option. However, the cost of Buoy, required for the disconnection option, compensates for the concrete cost difference. The SCRs work for the inplace extreme environment and iceberg load cases. Depending on the hull offset required to avoid icebergs for the non-disconnection cases or the risers lowering depth for disconnection cases, SLWR may be needed. Recommendations are made for the preferred option for field development.

scholarly journals Cost Minimisation Study of the Impact of Generic Drugs on Glaucoma Management: 1-year Indian Experience

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-196
Author(s):  
Devindra Sood ◽  
Alka Pandey ◽  
Rajeev Sood ◽  
Nagesh Gupta ◽  
Ravinder Kumar Bajaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To study the medication costs of various topical glaucoma medications using data collected from real world use by patients.Methods: Patients with primary open angle glaucoma treated at glaucoma clinics in 5 hospitals (1 rural and 4 urban) in northern India from 1 January to 30 June 2008 were enrolled. The number of days each bottle of medication lasted was recorded, and the mean cost per day was computed from the maximum retail price and mean number of days each medication lasted.Results: 790 of 801 eligible patients completed the study. The mean number of days that a bottle of medication lasted was found to be highest for Xalatan® and Xalacom® at 35.23 days and 35.00 days, respectively. The brand name prostaglandin analogues all lasted for a mean of more than 30 days: Xalatan, 35.23 days (SD, 4.14 days); Lumigan®, 31.37 days (SD, 5.31 days); and Travatan®, 34.84 days (SD, 6.51 days), while the generic eye drops lasted for about 21 days: latanoprost, 20.69 days (SD, 3.69 days) and bimatoprost, 21.39 days (SD, 4.34 days). The cost of the generic medication was less than the brand name medication in all groups (for example, bimatoprost, Indian rupees 9.76 versus Indian rupees 12.33) except for brimonidine/timolol (Indian rupees 8.73 versus Indian rupees 8.66). Further analysis in 2009 showed that, for latanoprost, brimonidine and brimonidine/timolol, the difference between the brand name and generic medications decreased in 2009 over 2008 (in the latanoprost group, the cost difference over the year reduced from Indian rupees 592 in 2008 to Indian rupees 523 in 2009); the cost difference for bimatoprost increased from 2008 to 2009.Conclusion: When both cost and number of days a bottle lasts were considered over the long term, use of generic medications might not minimise the cost of glaucoma medical management by much when compared with the brand name medication.

Understanding the Dynamic Coupling Effects in Deep Water Floating Structures Using a Simplified Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Min Low ◽  
Robin S. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wave Frequency ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Coupled Analysis ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Coupling Effects ◽  
Mooring Lines

The global dynamic response of a deep water floating production system needs to be predicted with coupled analysis methods to ensure accuracy and reliability. Two types of coupling can be identified: one is between the floating platform and the mooring lines/risers, while the other is between the mean offset, the wave frequency, and the low frequency motions of the system. At present, it is unfeasible to employ fully coupled time domain analysis on a routine basis due to the prohibitive computational time. This has spurred the development of more efficient methods, including frequency domain approaches. A good understanding of the intricate coupling mechanisms is paramount for making appropriate approximations in an efficient method. To this end, a simplified two degree-of-freedom system representing the surge motion of a vessel and the fundamental vibration mode of the lines is studied for physical insight. Within this framework, the frequency domain equations are rigorously formulated, and the nonlinearities in the restoring forces and drag are statistically linearized. The model allows key coupling effects to be understood; among other things, the equations demonstrate how the wave frequency dynamics of the mooring lines are coupled to the low frequency motions of the vessel. Subsequently, the effects of making certain simplifications are investigated through a series of frequency domain analyses, and comparisons are made to simulations in the time domain. The work highlights the effect of some common approximations, and recommendations are made regarding the development of efficient modeling techniques.

scholarly journals Self-report versus care provider registration of healthcare utilization: Impact on cost and cost-utility

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Hoogendoorn ◽  
Carel R. van Wetering ◽  
Annemie M. Schols ◽  
Maureen P. M. H. Rutten-van Mölken
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Care Provider ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: This study aims to compare the impact of two different sources of resource use, self-report versus care provider registrations, on cost and cost utility.Methods: Data were gathered for a cost-effectiveness study performed alongside a 2-year randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based management program (INTERCOM) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The program was offered by physiotherapists, dieticians and respiratory nurses. During the 2-year period, patients reported all resource use in a cost booklet. In addition, data on hospital admissions and outpatient visits, visits to the physiotherapist, dietician or respiratory nurse, diet nutrition, and outpatient medication were obtained from administrative records. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was calculated in two ways, using data from the cost booklet or registrations.Results: In total, 175 patients were included in the study. Agreement between self-report and registrations was almost perfect for hospitalizations (rho = 0.93) and physiotherapist visits (rho = 0.86), but above 0.55, moderate, for all other types of care. The total cost difference between the registrations and the cost booklet was 464 euros with the highest difference for hospitalizations 386 euro. Based on the cost booklet the cost difference between the treatment group and usual care was 2,444 euros (95 percent confidence interval [CI], −819 to 5,950), which resulted in a cost-utility of 29,100 euro/QALY. For the registrations, the results were 2,498 euros (95 percent CI, −88 to 6,084) and 29,390 euro/QALY, respectively.Conclusions: This study showed that the use of self-reported data or data from registrations effected within-group costs, but not between-group costs or the cost utility.

Market Survey Strategy for Sharp Well Economic: A Case Study of Well Planning in Deepwater Exploration Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.B. Natanegara
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Market Survey ◽  
Data Market ◽  
Procurement Strategy ◽  
Survey Strategy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

A deep-water well is one of the high profile project which is closely related to a high cost project. One of the key success prior starting the project is by conducting the cost estimation (Owner Estimate). For a typical new operation with limited offset data, market survey is one of the way to have the base cost estimation. Performing a market survey for estimating owner estimate prior to perform tender process and also a need for a basis of well cost is critical step in calculating economic of the well or investment decisions during well planning. Many approaches to perform the market survey and sometimes people customize them in order to fit with the purpose. This paper is trying to exercise some of the market survey methodology options and also to describe the impact to the selection of procurement strategy and maturation of cost estimation. The market survey methodology will be presented in details for each options. Experiences while estimating long lead items (LLI) and drilling services costs for a deep-water exploration drilling well were exercised here. The outcomes were compared and assessed. Nevertheless, literature reviews are also performed to enrich understanding and better judgment when estimating the cost. By performing a comprehensive market survey, we have successfully determined the current market condition and accurate cost estimation, which plays crucial roles in the decision making process for the best procurement strategy. Additionally, with the selective and progressive method in the market survey, it has narrowed down the bias cost data, especially for some of the major drilling services contract. The method on the market survey has established also an advantage in the remuneration strategy which leads to a cost saving in the project and also helps to fit in the project timeline.

Innovative Concept of a Drilling and/or Production Platform for Operating in Arctic and Deep Water

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Chou ◽  
Susobhan Ghosh ◽  
Kevin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Mooring System ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Arctic Condition ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Production Platform ◽  
Conical Structure

A concept of an innovative floating platform using a conical structure was originally developed for operation in arctic region. It is called as MCAD (MonoCone Arctic Drilling Platform). The conical structure is used to reduce ice-loading as it facilitates ice to break in flexure while riding the slope of the conical surface. For supporting the weight of the platform, equipment, and ballast, a base structure with sufficient buoyancy is added at the base of conical structure. To ensure the platform with adequate stability, a heavy (solid) ballasting system that can be lowered to adjust the vertical center of gravity of the platform is incorporated in the system. The conceptual platform configuration has been analyzed for a large payload of more than 25,000 ST operating in approximately 125 feet of water depth. In the winter season, the platform is subjected to more than 12,000 ST of ice load. For warmer season the platform has been designed to survive a 45 feet significant wave height with 80 knots wind, and a very strong current of 6 knots. To withstand such magnitude of ice forces, mooring system using 32 lines was designed. For lower ice loads in a milder environment, the number of mooring lines can be reduced considerably. For operating in the warmer season, the platform was analyzed for design environments of operating and survival conditions. The motion responses in these conditions were found to be excellent in comparison to other deepwater concepts in use. With the promising motion response results of the conceptual platform with such a high payload, the concept is expected to provide operating company an alternative for deepwater application as well. Since the concept has been developed for a very large payload, the excess payload may be utilized as storages of produced oil. Mooring system for operating in deep water has been developed, and has been compared with that of the system for arctic condition. This paper describes the concept identifying the salient features. The effects of various features on the design and platform performance are also described. The ballast system with its lowering system makes this concept attractive for easy installation without the assistance of a large derrick vessel, a significant reduction of installation time is also expected. Results of stability, motion and mooring analyses is presented in the paper as well. Preliminary structural analyses were carried out to confirm the viability of the concept in operational, installation and survival conditions.

Experimental Investigation on Hydrodynamic Performances of a Spar FPSO

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haining Lu ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Yufeng Kou ◽  
Xiaoliang Qi
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Towing Tank ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Oil Field Development ◽  
Offshore Oil

A deepwater Spar Drilling Production Storage Offloading (SDPSO) floating system or Spar FPSO that integrates Spar dry-tree production, oil storage and offloading has been proposed for offshore oil exploitation. Benefits of the deep drafted first generation classic Spar, such as excellent stability and hydrodynamic performances that allow dry tree drilling and production, large capacity of the mid hull section for oil storage, cost efficiency for construction and save in-service operations, are combined to provide a competitive solution from moderate deep water of 300m to ultra-deep water of 3,000m. The present Spar FPSO is proposed for the potential deepwater oil field development in South China Sea. It uses the hull mid-section with large capacity for wet oil storage, utilizing the density difference between the oil and the sea water for wet storage and oil-water displacement in the storage tank. To demonstrate the feasibility and to investigate its hydrodynamic performances of the Spar FPSO, comprehensive experimental investigations, including the in-place model tests in the deepwater offshore basin and the VIM model tests in the towing tank, have been undertaken. For the in-place model tests, both the stand alone and the tandem offloading conditions were considered. The classic Spar hull, the taut mooring system and the top tensioned risers (TTRs) were all included to represent the coupling effects of the whole system. Various metocean environments, such as the 100-year storm, the 1-year storm and the offloading condition, were considered to give a complete assessment. Different mooring configurations were also studied to adapt to the deep and moderate water depths correspondingly. The global responses, such as the hull six degree of freedom motions, top tensions of mooring lines and risers, possible green water occurrences, were monitored and recorded in real time. Additionally, a preliminary VIM experiment was also carried out in the towing tank since the vortex induced motions (VIM) is one of the most concerned issues for the deep drafted Spar. The VIM characteristics with different heading angles and current velocities were obtained. It is demonstrated that the Spar FPSO has satisfactory hydrodynamic and VIM performances in metocean environmental conditions in South China Sea. It gives a feasible and competitive alternative with integrated dry-tree drilling, production, oil storage and offloading functionalities for offshore oil field development in deep water depth.

scholarly journals Oral Ppi VS IV Ppi in Hospitalized Patient

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
University Hospital ◽  
Daily Cost ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Oral Medications ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Of this study have been produced in order to promote effective use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and (H2RAs) histamine II receptor antagonists at AL-Zahraa University Hospital (ZUH) in Lebanon. The aims: Of the study are to ensure PPIs use is limited to situations where there is indicated and there is a clear evidence of benefit, in order to decrease the cost when possible without affecting the patient’s clinical outcome. Setting: Medical and surgical in-patients floors at AL-Zahraa University Hospital (ZUH) were used for this study, which include 57medical and 43 surgical beds. Methods: In this study 100 patients files were reviewed for appropriate IVPPIs uses in two separate time intervals, over six months period started on January 1st, 2016 and ended on June 30th, 2016 and divided into two equal separate time intervals, pre implementation and post implementation of restriction dispensing policy, in order to determine the proper indication and the cost impact of restriction procedure. The main outcomes measure the cost difference between pre and post restriction periods. Results: During the pre-restriction period, the majority of IVPPIs vials were dispensed to patients able to tolerate oral medications with no proper indications to IVPPIs use, the daily consumption of IVPPIs were 48 vials (960 $) in the pre-restriction period as compared to only 2 vials (40$) in the post restriction period, therefore the associated daily cost was reduced from 960$ to 40$. Conclusion: This study highlighted the impact of proper use of PPIs based on implantation of the dispensing authorization restriction form of IVPPIS use which based on the international protocols for peptic ulcer drugs uses, leading to statistically significant in hospital patient’s daily cost reduction by 24 folds.

Informing Components Development Innovations for Floating Offshore Wind Through Applied FMEA Framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rinaldi ◽  
Philipp Thies ◽  
Lars Johanning ◽  
Paul McEvoy ◽  
Georgios Georgallis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Power Cable ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Mooring Lines

Abstract Future offshore wind technology solutions will be floating to facilitate deep water locations. The EUH2020 funded project FLOTANT (Innovative, low cost, low weight and safe floating wind technology optimized for deep water wind sites) aims to address the arising technical and economic challenges linked to this progress. In particular, innovative solutions in terms of mooring lines, power cable and floating platform, specifically designed for floating offshore wind devices, will be developed and tested, and the benefits provided by these components assessed. In this paper a purpose-built Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) technique is presented, and applied to the novel floating offshore wind components. The aim is to determine the technology qualification, identify the key failure modes and assess the criticality of these components and their relative contributions to the reliability, availability and maintainability of the device. This will allow for the identification of suitable mitigation measures in the development lifecycle, as well as an assessment of potential cost savings and impacts of the specific innovations. The methodology takes into account inputs from the components developers and other project partners, as well as information extracted from existing literature and databases. Findings in terms of components innovations, their main criticalities and related mitigation measures, and impacts on preventive and corrective maintenance, will be presented in order to inform current and future developments for floating offshore wind devices.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

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