Utilization of the MK Combustion Optimization System™ to Maximize Combustion Efficiency in an Environment-First Fashion

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Krzysik
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Combustion Optimization

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion prove to have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Contributing factors include the formation of acid rain, ozone, degradation of visibility, and inhalable fine particles. In addressing these problems, environmental regulations are becoming more stringent on electric utilities. Low NOx burner (LNB) technology was developed to provide a cost-effective means of complying with the NOx Reduction Program under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. Prior to LNB technology, standard burners were designed to rapidly mix the fuel and oxidant, producing high combustion efficiency and large quantities of NOx. Limiting the reaction rate at which the air and fuel mix, particularly during the early stages of combustion, can effectively control NOx formation; however, this rate limitation tends to diminish combustion efficiency and proves to be the compromise of LNB technology. Controlling one aspect or the other can be intuitively easy, but controlling both is challenging and trade-offs are necessary. Identifying a happy medium between the standards of yesterday and today is necessary in the optimization of coal-fired combustion. The ultimate effect will improve commercial availability in an environment-first fashion.

scholarly journals Measurement and model analyses of the ozone variation during 2006 to 2015 and its response to emission change in megacity Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Xu ◽  
Xuexi Tie ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Yanfen Lin ◽  
Qingyan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Transition Regime ◽  
Local Dispersion ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Reduction Of Nox ◽  
Emission Change

Abstract. The fine particles (PM2.5) in China decrease significantly in recent years as a result of the implement of Chinese Clean Air Action Plan since 2013, while the O3 pollution is getting worse, especially in megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai. Better understanding the elevated O3 pollution in Chinese megacities and its response to emission change is important for developing an effective emission control strategy in future. In this study, we analyze the significant increasing trend of O3 concentration from 2006 to 2015 in the megacity Shanghai with the variability of 1–1.3 ppbv yr-1. It is likely attributed to the notable reduction of NOx concentration with the decreasing rate of 1.86–2.15 ppbv yr-1 accompanied with the little change of VOCs during the same period excluding the weak trends of meteorological impacts on local dispersion (wind speed), regional transport (wind direction) and O3 photolysis (solar radiation). It is further illustrated by using a state of the art regional chemical/dynamical model (WRF-Chem) to explore the O3 variation response to the reduction of NOx emission in Shanghai. The control experiment conducted in September of 2009 shows very excellent performance for O3 and NOx simulations including both the spatial distribution pattern, and the day by day variation by comparing with 6 in-situ measurements from MIRAGE-shanghai field campaign. Sensitive experiments with 30 % reduction of NOx emission from 2009 to 2015 in Shanghai estimated by Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center shows that the calculated O3 concentrations exhibit obvious enhancement by 4–7 ppbv in urban zones with the increasing variability of 0.96–1.06 ppbv yr-1, which is well consistent with the observed O3 trend as a result of the strong VOC-limited condition for O3 production. The large reduction of NOx combined with less change of VOCs during the past ten years promotes the O3 production in Shanghai to move towards NOx-limited regime. Further analysis of WRF-Chem experiments and O3 isopleths diagram suggests that the O3 production in downtown is still under VOC-limited regime after 2015 despite of the remarkable NOx reduction, while moves to the transition regime between NOx-limited and VOC-limited in sub-urban zones. Supposing the insignificant VOCs variation persists, the O3 concentration in downtown would keep increasing till 2020 with the further 20 % reduction of NOx emission after 2015 estimated by Shanghai Clean Air Action Plan. While there are less O3 change in other regions where the O3 production is not under VOC-limited regime. The O3 production in Shanghai will switch from VOC-limited to NOx-limited regime after 2020 except downtown area which is likely close to the transition regime. As a result the O3 concentration will decrease by 2–3 ppbv in sub-urban zones, and more than 4 ppbv in suburb response to 20 % reduction of NOx emission after 2020, whereas is not sensitive to both NOx and VOCs changes in downtown. This result reveals that the control strategy of O3 pollution is a very complex process, and needs to be carefully studied.

NOx Control for Stationary Sources and Utility Applications

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Corporate Goals ◽  
Ozone Transport ◽  
Electric Generation ◽  
Nox Control ◽  
Stationary Sources

NOx control is coming to electric generation utilities and industrial plants in a big way. Federal regulations, ozone non-attainment areas, ozone “transport regions,” acid rain provisions of the Clean Air Act, and corporate goals for emission reductions are all motivators. This paper explores regulations, the chemistry of NOx formation, and practical and cost-effective ways to reduce NOx at its source, as well as “end-of-pipe” methods for the major targets: coal fired boilers, gas and oil boilers, and gas turbines.

CFD Modeling of NOx Reduction Technologies in Utility Boilers

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Cremer ◽  
Bradley R. Adams ◽  
David H. Wang ◽  
Michael P. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Chemical Mechanisms ◽  
Utility Boilers ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Nox Control ◽  
Selective Noncatalytic Reduction

Abstract This paper discusses the development and application of CFD modeling tools that have been utilized to assess and design NOx reduction systems that are currently being evaluated by the electric utility industry. Stringent limits on NOx emissions have been imposed by the Clean Air Act Amendments, and a number of NOx reduction technologies are available to help meet these limits including selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and reburning, as well as various combinations of these. This paper discusses the development and implementation of global and reduced chemical mechanisms for NOx formation/destruction into a comprehensive CFD code so that these various options for NOx control can be evaluated. Also, some examples showing the application of these tools to full-scale utility boilers utilizing low-NOx burners, air staging, and SNCR are presented.

scholarly journals Measurement and model analyses of the ozone variation during 2006 to 2015 and its response to emission change in megacity Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 9017-9035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Xu ◽  
Xuexi Tie ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Yanfen Lin ◽  
Qingyan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Transition Regime ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Emission Change

Abstract. The fine particles (PM2.5) in China have decreased significantly in recent years as a result of the implementation of Chinese Clean Air Action Plan since 2013, while the O3 pollution is getting worse, especially in megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai. Better understanding of the elevated O3 pollution in Chinese megacities and its response to emission change is important for developing an effective emission control strategy in the future. In this study, we analyze the significant increasing trend of daily maximum O3 concentration from 2006 to 2015 in the megacity Shanghai with the variability of 0.8–1.3 ppbv yr−1. It could likely be attributed to the notable reduction in NOx concentrations with the decreasing rate of 1.86–2.15 ppbv yr−1 accompanied by the small change in VOCs during the same period by excluding the weak trends of meteorological impacts on local dispersion (wind speed), regional transport (wind direction), and O3 photolysis (solar radiation). It is further illustrated by using a state-of-the-art regional chemical and dynamical model (WRF-Chem) to explore the O3 variation response to the reduction in NOx emissions in Shanghai. The control experiment conducted for September of 2009 shows excellent performance for O3 and NOx simulations, including both the spatial distribution pattern and the day-by-day variation through comparison with six in situ measurements from the MIRAGE-Shanghai field campaign. Sensitivity experiments with 30 % reduction in NOx emissions from 2009 to 2015 in Shanghai estimated by Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center shows that the calculated O3 concentrations exhibit obvious enhancement by 4–7 ppbv in urban zones with increasing variability of 0.96–1.06 ppbv yr−1, which is consistent with the observed O3 trend as a result of the strong VOC-limited condition for O3 production. The large reduction in NOx combined with less change in VOCs in the past 10 years promotes the O3 production in Shanghai to move towards an NOx-limited regime. Further analysis of the WRF-Chem experiments and O3 isopleth diagram suggests that the O3 production downtown is still under a VOC-limited regime after 2015 despite the remarkable NOx reduction, while it moves to the transition regime between NOx-limited and VOC-limited in sub-urban zones. Supposing the insignificant VOC variation persists, the O3 concentration downtown would keep increasing until 2020 with the further 20 % reduction in NOx emission after 2015 estimated by Shanghai Clean Air Action Plan. The O3 production in Shanghai will switch from a VOC-limited to an NOx-limited regime after 2020 except for downtown area, which is likely close to the transition regime. As a result the O3 concentration will decrease by 2–3 ppbv in sub-urban zones and by more than 4 ppbv in rural areas as a response to a 20 % reduction in NOx emission after 2020, whereas it is not sensitive to both NOx and VOC changes downtown. This result reveals that the control strategy of O3 pollution is a very complex process and needs to be carefully studied.

Parallel Computing for Tire Simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Surendranath ◽  
M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Parallel Solvers ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Highly Nonlinear

Abstract Over the last few decades, finite element analysis has become an integral part of the overall tire design process. Engineers need to perform a number of different simulations to evaluate new designs and study the effect of proposed design changes. However, tires pose formidable simulation challenges due to the presence of highly nonlinear rubber compounds, embedded reinforcements, complex tread geometries, rolling contact, and large deformations. Accurate simulation requires careful consideration of these factors, resulting in the extensive turnaround time, often times prolonging the design cycle. Therefore, it is extremely critical to explore means to reduce the turnaround time while producing reliable results. Compute clusters have recently become a cost effective means to perform high performance computing (HPC). Distributed memory parallel solvers designed to take advantage of compute clusters have become increasingly popular. In this paper, we examine the use of HPC for various tire simulations and demonstrate how it can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. Abaqus/Standard is used for routine tire simulations like footprint and steady state rolling. Abaqus/Explicit is used for transient rolling and hydroplaning simulations. The run times and scaling data corresponding to models of various sizes and complexity are presented.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

scholarly journals Combustion Optimization for Coal Fired Power Plant Boilers Based on Improved Distributed ELM and Distributed PSO

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinying Xu ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Mifeng Ren ◽  
Lan Cheng ◽  
Jun Xie
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Coupling Characteristics ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Combustion Optimization

Increasing the combustion efficiency of power plant boilers and reducing pollutant emissions are important for energy conservation and environmental protection. The power plant boiler combustion process is a complex multi-input/multi-output system, with a high degree of nonlinearity and strong coupling characteristics. It is necessary to optimize the boiler combustion model by means of artificial intelligence methods. However, the traditional intelligent algorithms cannot deal effectively with the massive and high dimensional power station data. In this paper, a distributed combustion optimization method for boilers is proposed. The MapReduce programming framework is used to parallelize the proposed algorithm model and improve its ability to deal with big data. An improved distributed extreme learning machine is used to establish the combustion system model aiming at boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emission. The distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm based on MapReduce is used to optimize the input parameters of boiler combustion model, and weighted coefficient method is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem (boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emissions). According to the experimental analysis, the results show that the method can optimize the boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emissions by combining different weight coefficients as needed.

scholarly journals mRNA-Based Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Frank Kowalzik ◽  
Daniel Schreiner ◽  
Christian Jensen ◽  
Daniel Teschner ◽  
Stephan Gehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Cell Genome

Increases in the world’s population and population density promote the spread of emerging pathogens. Vaccines are the most cost-effective means of preventing this spread. Traditional methods used to identify and produce new vaccines are not adequate, in most instances, to ensure global protection. New technologies are urgently needed to expedite large scale vaccine development. mRNA-based vaccines promise to meet this need. mRNA-based vaccines exhibit a number of potential advantages relative to conventional vaccines, namely they (1) involve neither infectious elements nor a risk of stable integration into the host cell genome; (2) generate humoral and cell-mediated immunity; (3) are well-tolerated by healthy individuals; and (4) are less expensive and produced more rapidly by processes that are readily standardized and scaled-up, improving responsiveness to large emerging outbreaks. Multiple mRNA vaccine platforms have demonstrated efficacy in preventing infectious diseases and treating several types of cancers in humans as well as animal models. This review describes the factors that contribute to maximizing the production of effective mRNA vaccine transcripts and delivery systems, and the clinical applications are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Identifying integrated options for agricultural climate change mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tzilivakis ◽  
Kathleen Lewis ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Douglas Warner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Change Mitigation

Purpose – In order to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is essential that all industry sectors have the appropriate knowledge and tools to contribute. This includes agriculture, which is considered to contribute about a third of emissions globally. This paper reports on one such tool: IMPACCT: Integrated Management oPtions for Agricultural Climate Change miTigation. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – IMPACCT focuses on GHGs, carbon sequestration and associated mitigation options. However, it also attempts to include information on economic and other environmental impacts in order to provide a more holistic perspective. The model identifies mitigation options, likely economic impacts and any synergies and trade-offs with other environmental objectives. The model has been applied on 22 case study farms in seven Member States. Findings – The tool presents some useful concepts for developing carbon calculators in the future. It has highlighted that calculators need to evolve from simply calculating emissions to identifying cost-effective and integrated emissions reduction options. Practical implications – IMPACCT has potential to become an effective means of provided targeted guidance, as part of a broader knowledge transfer programme based on an integrated suite of guidance, tools and advice delivered via different media. Originality/value – IMPACCT is a new model that demonstrates how to take a more integrated approach to mitigating GHGs on farms across Europe. It is a holistic carbon calculator that presents mitigation options in the context other environmental and economic objectives in the search for more sustainable methods of food production.

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