Manufacturing and Testing of Welded Stainless Steel Tubing: You Have a Choice Part 2—Feedwater Heater Tubing

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Janikowski ◽  
Edward R. Blessman
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Steel Tubing ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Tube Life ◽  
Heater Tube

The stainless steel feedwater heater specifications, ASTM A688/ASME SA 688 and ASTM A803/SA 803, were developed over 30 years ago. At that time, no one envisioned the temperatures and pressures that today’s super and ultra-critical units would operate. The increased pressures, temperatures, and expectations for reliability require special manufacturing techniques and testing for long tube life. The current ASTM/ASME specifications should be considered minimum requirements, and for long term reliability a number of additional special manufacturing processes and tests are essential. This paper summarizes many of the manufacturing and testing choices that should be specified to ensure high reliability. It identifies the advantages and disadvantages of each option and provides suggestions on what should be specified to ensure a reliable cost-effective feedwater heater tube for today’s applications.

Manufacturing and Testing of Welded Stainless Steel Tubing: You Have a Choice

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Janikowski ◽  
Ron Roth
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Critical Power ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Stainless Steel Tubing ◽  
Steel Tubing

A tubing manufacturer has many alternatives for manufacturing and testing stainless steel tubing for feedwater heater and condenser applications. ASTM specifications are fairly generic in nature and only specify the basic requirements needed for supplying a tube. These may not be sufficient for providing the appropriate quality tube for a critical power plant application. This paper summarizes many of the options in welding, cold working, heat treating and testing of tubing. It identifies the advantages and disadvantages of each and provides suggestions on what should be specified to ensure a reliable cost-effective tube for your application.

A Review of Downhole Wireless Technologies and Improvements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Bouldin ◽  
Ahmed AlShmakhy ◽  
Ahmed Khaled Bazuhair ◽  
Muzoon Hasan Alzaabi ◽  
Jarl André Fellinghaug
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Wireless Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wireless Telemetry

Abstract Downhole wireless communication in the form of mud pulse telemetry enabled directional drilling over the past 60 years and has been hugely successful. Technologies like Measurement While Drilling (MWD), Logging While Drilling (LWD), and Geosteering would simply not exist without it. But in the Production and Producing end of the business, applications for downhole wireless communication have been less clear, especially where long distances and long-term monitoring are concerned. Several wireless technologies are in use today for long-term production applications. Electromagnetic (EM), acoustic, and pressure pulse telemetries are finding application as wireless production gauges, drill stem test tools, and drilling alternatives to pressure pulse. But the large-scale vision of, "Breaking the Wire!" in production wells has not yet occurred. Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) with an umbilical to surface are still the product of choice for long-term production monitoring. A history of wireless approaches in production applications will be given and the different methods used in the industry will be explained. A comparison and contrast of wireless telemetry methods will be explored, explained, and evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages will be listed for each approach. A ranking system will be employed to illustrate the evaluation results of the different wireless telemetry methods. New variants for wireless telemetry, power supplies, and measurement methods will be proposed. Preferred applications for each gauge type will be given. Downhole gauges can be improved by integrating pressure pulse, a downhole power generator, and downhole flow rate measurement into a single unit. The overall size can be ten times shorter than existing systems while still generating a larger wireless signal. Such a system would make wireless downhole gauges much more practical and should significantly increase their uptake in the industry. Real-time measurement of downhole pressure and downhole flow rate transforms the accuracy and effectiveness of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA). Better reservoir understanding can be gained by using only drawdown tests, without shutting in the well. Smaller tools are generally more cost effective.

scholarly journals Celebrity endorsements versus created spokespersons in advertising: a survey among students

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delarey Van der Waldt ◽  
M M van Loggerenberg ◽  
L Wehmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Celebrity Endorsements ◽  
Advertising Strategy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Negative Publicity ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Celebrity Endorsers

In this study the use of endorsements in advertising was investigated.  Endorsements can either be in the form of a celebrity acting as a spokesperson for an organisation or the organisation can create a spokesperson to act as an endorser.  The problem that faces marketers is that little scientific proof exists if students perceive celebrity endorsements and creative spokespersons differently with regard to their expertise and trustworthiness.  The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of respondents with regard to expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness of created spokesperson and celebrity endorsements in advertisements. This knowledge will provide marketing professionals with the strategic advantage of how and when to make use of an endorser.Ohanian’s (1990) measurement scale of perceived expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness was adopted in a self-administrative questionnaire for this article.  Respondents (n=185) were exposed to six visual images of endorsers namely:  three celebrities and three created spokespersons.  It was found that attractiveness should not be used as a factor when comparing created endorsers with celebrity endorsers.  The respondents perceived both endorsement applications as highly credible and professionals need to consider each application’s advantages and disadvantages when deciding which application will be more effective for their advertising strategy.  In the long term the organisation might find it more cost effective to create its own spokesperson due to the risk of possible characteristics changes or negative associations of celebrity endorsers.  Revoking advertisements after celebrity endorsers have received negative publicity or changed character can lead to great financial losses.  Created endorsers, on the other hand, provide the organisation with greater control and the ability to change to adapt to the organisations market and advertising needs.

The Effect of Process on Performance and Reliability in a One Step Silver-Glass Die Attach Adhesive

1991 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Conlon ◽  
C.P. Cameron ◽  
J.W. Lau
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Environmental Testing ◽  
Die Attach ◽  
Tensile Data ◽  
One Step ◽  
Temperature Aging

AbstractSilver-glass die attach adhesives provide a cost effective means of producing high reliability parts which can withstand the environmental testing required of electronic components. One step processing of these adhesives provides the additional advantages of increased throughput and processing flexibility compared to eutectically bonded assemblies.This paper describes the performance of a one step silver-glass die attach adhesive processed under various time and temperature conditions. The effect of peak firing temperature and dwell time on the ultimate tensile strength of the adhesive will be discussed. Tensile data from parts subjected to thermal shock, thermal cycle and high temperature aging will be presented as an indication of the material's long term reliability.

scholarly journals Effect of Uncertainty in Localized Imperfection on the Ultimate Compressive Strength of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Hollow Sections

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfei Shen ◽  
Rolando Chacón
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Ultimate Compressive Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hollow Section

Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance properties, considerable long-term durability, and good mechanical strength. Hollow sections are a versatile and efficient form for construction applications. The use of cold-formed stainless steel rectangular hollow section (RHS) and square hollow section (SHS) in construction industry grasps the attention of designers conceiving long-term, cost-effective structures. For cold-formed RHS and SHS, localized imperfection (ω) resulting from rolling and fabrication process is inevitable. ω has inherent variability and has no definitive characterization. In this paper, statistical analysis of the maximum value of ω collected from available experimental data is conducted. A new approach utilizing Fourier series to generate the three-dimensional (3D) models of members with random ω is proposed. Probabilistic studies based on the proposed 3D models are then carried out to evaluate the effect of uncertainty in ω on the ultimate compressive strength of stainless steel columns with cold-formed RHS and SHS. A total of 21 columns that are prone to local buckling reduction are studied. The results show that uncertainty in ω has a considerable influence on the columns with relatively higher cross-sectional slenderness.

scholarly journals Development of a New Low-Cost Tandem Variable Geometry Turbocharging Concept for Turbocharger Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R. Erdmenger ◽  
Katya Menter ◽  
Rogier Giepman ◽  
Cathal Clancy ◽  
Aneesh Vadvadgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Axial Turbine ◽  
Handling System ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

The air handling system for large diesel/gas engines such as those used on locomotive, marine, and power generation applications require turbochargers with a high reliability and with turbomachinery capable to adjust to different operating conditions and transient requirements. The usage of variable geometry turbocharging (VGT) provides flexibility to the air handling system but adds complexity, cost and reduces the reliability of the turbocharger in exchange for improved engine performance and transient response. For this reason, it was desirable to explore designs that could provide the variability required by the air handling system, without the efficiency penalty of a conventional waste gate and with as little added complexity as possible. The current work describes a new low-cost variable geometry turbine design to address these requirements. The new tandem nozzle concept proposed is applicable to both axial and radial turbines and has been designed using conventional one-dimensional models and two- three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The concept has furthermore been validated experimentally on two different test rigs. In order to avoid the long lead times of procuring castings, the nozzle for the axial turbine was manufactured using new additive manufacturing techniques. Both the axial turbine and the radial turbine designs showed that the concept is capable to achieve a mass flow variability of more than 15% and provide a robust and cost-effective alternative to conventional VGT designs by significantly reducing the number of moveable parts.

scholarly journals Development of a New Low-Cost Tandem VGT Concept for Turbocharger Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R. Erdmenger ◽  
Katya Menter ◽  
Rogier Giepman ◽  
Cathal Clancy ◽  
Aneesh Vadvadgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Axial Turbine ◽  
Handling System ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Complexity Cost

The air handling system for large diesel/gas engines such as those used on locomotive, marine, and power generation applications require turbochargers with a high reliability and with turbomachinery capable to adjust to different operating conditions and transient requirements. The usage of variable geometry turbocharging (VGT) provides flexibility to the air handling system but adds complexity, cost and reduces the reliability of the turbocharger in exchange for improved engine performance and transient response. For this reason, it was desirable to explore designs that could provide the variability required by the air handling system, without the efficiency penalty of a conventional waste gate and with as little added complexity as possible. The current work describes a new low-cost variable geometry turbine design to address these requirements. The new tandem nozzle concept proposed is applicable to both axial and radial turbines, and has been designed using conventional 1D models and 2D/3D CFD methods. The concept has furthermore been validated experimentally on two different test rigs. In order to avoid the long lead times of procuring castings, the nozzle for the axial turbine was manufactured using new additive manufacturing techniques. Both the axial turbine and the radial turbine designs showed that the concept is capable to achieve a mass flow variability of more than 15% and provide a robust and cost-effective alternative to conventional VGT designs by significantly reducing the number of moveable parts.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

Antithrombotic Therapy for DVT/PE

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Thomas Hyers
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Long Term Therapy

SummaryProblems with unfractionated heparin as an antithrombotic have led to the development of new therapeutic agents. Of these, low molecular weight heparin shows great promise and has led to out-patient therapy of DVT/PE in selected patients. Oral anticoagulants remain the choice for long-term therapy. More cost-effective ways to give oral anticoagulants are needed.

Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications

1997 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W.J. Parker ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt ◽  
D.I. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Financial Environment

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance

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