Ultrasonic Measurement of Residual Stresses in Welded Specimens and Structures

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kudryavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Stress Relieving ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Applied Stresses

The application of an ultrasonic non-destructive method for residual stress (RS) measurements has shown that, in many cases, this technique is very efficient and allows measuring the RS both in laboratory conditions and in real structures in field for a wide range of materials. Using this technique, one can measure the RS at the same points many times, studying for instance, the changes of RS under the action of service loading or effectiveness of stress-relieving techniques. An ultrasonic computerized complex (UCC) for non-destructive measurement of residual and applied stresses was developed recently. The complex includes a measurement unit with transducers, basic supporting software, an advanced database and an Expert System, housed in a laptop, for analysis of the influence of RS on the fatigue life of welded elements. In general, the ultrasonic method allows one to measure the RS in both cases: averaged through thickness or in surface layers. The present version of UCC allows measuring the averaged through thickness biaxial RS in plates 2–150 mm thick. The results of ultrasonic RS measurement in large scale welded specimens and structures are also discussed in this paper.

Non-Destructive Measurement of Residual Stresses by an Ultrasonic Method

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Kleiman ◽  
Yuri Kudryavtsev ◽  
Volodimir Smilenko
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Elastic Wave ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Acoustic Elasticity ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Applied Stresses

An ultrasonic computerized complex for measurement of residual and applied stresses UltraMARS® was recently introduced. Average through thickness stresses can be measured based on the acoustic-elasticity effect, according to which the velocity of elastic wave propagation in solids is dependent on the mechanical stress. The system was used successfully in numerous applications proving to be a reliable, fast and economical way to evaluate residual and applied stresses in materials and structures. The newly developed complex was used in a number of applications that called for non-destructive evaluation of stresses. Examples of such applications will be discussed in the paper. The system was further developed to allow for measurement of subsurface and surface stresses in structural materials and made of them structures.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Measurement and Evaluation of Surface Cracks Using Ultrasonic Rayleigh Waves – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
Muhamad Akmal Haziq Hishamuddin ◽  
Shahruddin Mahzan Mohd Zin ◽  
Eliza M Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Wave Surface ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Measurement And Evaluation ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Quality control and inspection methods have become a critical challenge in everyday situations of the engineering profession. This is due to the evolution of the materials used today in industry and also increasingly complex and critical nature of many of the products and structures produced with them. Ultrasonic measurement is widely used especially in oil and gas and aerospace industries. This method is used because it is effective and not involving damaging the original parts. In ultrasonic measurement there are few types of waves emitted and where one of it is Rayleigh wave or mostly known as surface wave. Surface waves are generated when longitudinal waves intersects a surface near to the second critical angle. This review paper will describe about the types of waves emitted and produce and also some of the research that has been done related to the surface wave. This research can contribute to green environment because it reduces waste by suggesting the uses of Perspex.

scholarly journals Fatigue improvement of welded elements by ultrasonic impact treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Yuir Kudryavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Improvement ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Ultrasonic Impact Treatment ◽  
Stress Relieving

The ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is relatively new and promising process for fatigue life improvement of welded elements and structures. In most industrial applications this process is known as ultrasonic peening (UP). The beneficial effect of UIT/UP is achieved mainly by relieving of tensile residual stresses and introducing of compressive residual stresses into surface layers of a material. The secondary factors in fatigue improvement by UIT/UP are decreasing of stress concentration in weld toe zones and enhancement of mechanical properties of the surface layers of the material. Fatigue testing of welded specimens showed that UIT/UP is the most efficient improvement treatment as compared with traditional techniques such as grinding, TIG-dressing, heat treatment, hammer peening and application of LTT electrodes. The developed computerized complex for UIT/UP was successfully applied for increasing the fatigue life and corrosion resistance of welded elements, elimination of distortions caused by welding and other technological processes, residual stress relieving, increasing of the hardness of the surface of materials. The results of fatigue testing of large-scale welded specimens in as-welded condition and after application of UIT/UP are considered in this paper. It is shown that UIT/UP is the most effective and economic technique for increasing of fatigue strength of welded elements in materials of different strength. These results also show a strong tendency of increasing of fatigue strength of welded elements after application of UP with the increase in mechanical properties of the material used.

Cladding Thickness of Fuel Elements by X-Rays

1958 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Beverley James Lowe ◽  
Payson D. Sierer ◽  
Robert B. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uranium Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Fuel Elements ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Cladding Material

AbstractThe paper is based on a feasibility study to determine the suitability of various techniques for the non-destructive measurement of cladding thickness on uranium fuel elements. The techniques studied were: 1—the attentuation of the characteristic X-ray fluorescence from the uranium base metal by the cladding material, and 2—Compton scattering of X-rays from the cladding surface. The cladding materials used in the investigation were aluminum, 304 stainless steel and zirconium, providing a wide range of both atomic number and density.

Non-Destructive Analysis of Surface Stresses Using Grazing Incident X-Ray Diffraction

2005 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Chedly Braham ◽  
Andrzej Baczmanski ◽  
Wilfrid Seiler ◽  
N. Shiraki
Keyword(s):  
Sample Surface ◽  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
Diffraction Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lattice Strains ◽  
Crystallographic Planes ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive

The X-ray diffraction measurements based on the grazing incident geometry were applied to determine lattice strains in polycrystalline materials. This method enables a non-destructive measurement at chosen depth below the sample surface. The volume, for which the stress is measured, is well defined and it does not vary during experiment. The multireflection method was used for analysis of the experimental results since the interplanar spacings were measured for various orientation of the scattering vector as well as for various crystallographic planes {hkl}. Applying two different wavelengths of X- ray radiation and various incident angles non-destructive measurements of the residual stresses in function of penetration depth were performed. The variation of stresses in plastically deformed surface layers of steel samples was successfully determined and the values of the stresses were confirmed by standard diffraction measurement.

Non-Destructive Measurement of Plastic Deformation under the Extreme Environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Radka Pernicová ◽  
Jindřich Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Catastrophic Failure ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Paper Method ◽  
Distance Change

Measuring of the non-elastic deformation of wide range of materials under extreme environments, such as high temperature, underwater or lack of space, is described in this paper. Method, called Predictive Instant Defect Analysis of Constructions for short PIDAC, is based on precise indication of defined distance change between two points before and after loading. Distance is mechanical imprinted into an indication specimen and consequently measured by microscopy analysis. The technology solves not only problem of measuring plastic length deformations but also offers the capability of predicting catastrophic failure due to the breaking, tearing, or deforming of materials.

Monitoring in-Service Changes in Materials Properties

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Parker ◽  
L H Bisbee
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Properties ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Steam Plant ◽  
Non Destructive

The safe operation of a wide range of large-scale plant depends on knowledge of component specific materials properties. Techniques that allow reliable measurement of changes in critical properties are therefore vital. The present paper describes a new procedure for removing miniature material samples. The technique can be applied even in difficult access conditions and results in minimum material removal so that sampling is effectively non-destructive. Specific case studies where this technique has been applied to the condition assessment of steam plant are described.

scholarly journals Soil moisture sensor calibration for organic soil surface layers

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Bircher ◽  
Mie Andreasen ◽  
Johanna Vuollet ◽  
Juho Vehviläinen ◽  
Kimmo Rautiainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract. This paper's objective is to present generic calibration functions for organic surface layers derived for the soil moisture sensors Decagon ECH2O 5TE and Delta-T ThetaProbe ML2x, using material from northern regions, mainly from the Finnish Meteorological Institute's Arctic Research Center in Sodankylä and the study area of the Danish Center for Hydrology (HOBE). For the Decagon 5TE sensor such a function is currently not reported in the literature. Data were compared with measurements from underlying mineral soils including laboratory and field measurements. Shrinkage and charring during drying were considered. For both sensors all field and lab data showed consistent trends. For mineral layers with low soil organic matter (SOM) content the validity of the manufacturer's calibrations was demonstrated. Deviating sensor outputs in organic and mineral horizons were identified. For the Decagon 5TE, apparent relative permittivities at a given moisture content decreased for increased SOM content, which was attributed to an increase of bound water in organic materials with large specific surface areas compared to the studied mineral soils. ThetaProbe measurements from organic horizons showed stronger nonlinearity in the sensor response and signal saturation in the high-level data. The derived calibration fit functions between sensor response and volumetric water content hold for samples spanning a wide range of humus types with differing SOM characteristics. This strengthens confidence in their validity under various conditions, rendering them highly suitable for large-scale applications in remote sensing and land surface modeling studies. Agreement between independent Decagon 5TE and ThetaProbe time series from an organic surface layer at the Sodankylä site was significantly improved when the here-proposed fit functions were used. Decagon 5TE data also well-reflected precipitation events. Thus, Decagon 5TE network data from organic surface layers at the Sodankylä and HOBE sites are based on the here-proposed natural log fit. The newly derived ThetaProbe fit functions should be used for hand-held applications only, but prove to be of value for the acquisition of instantaneous large-scale soil moisture estimates.

scholarly journals Soil moisture sensor calibration for organic soil surface layers

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bircher ◽  
M. Andreasen ◽  
J. Vuollet ◽  
J. Vehviläinen ◽  
K. Rautiainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract. This paper's objective is to present generic calibration functions for organic surface layers derived for the soil moisture sensors Decagon ECH2O 5TE and Delta-T ThetaProbe ML2x, using material from northern regions, mainly from the Finish Meteorological Institute's Arctic Research Center in Sodankylä and the study area of the Danish Center for Hydrology HOBE. For the Decagon 5TE sensor such a function is currently not reported in literature. Data were compared with measurements from underlying mineral soils including laboratory and field measurements. Shrinkage and charring during drying were considered. For both sensors all field and lab data showed consistent trends. For mineral layers with low soil organic matter (SOM) content the validity of the manufacturer's calibrations was demonstrated. Deviating sensor outputs in organic and mineral horizons were identified: for the Decagon 5TE apparent relative permittivities at a given moisture content decreased for increased SOM content, which was attributed to an increase of bound water in organic materials with large surface areas compared to the studied mineral soils. ThetaProbe measurements from organic horizons showed stronger non-linearity in the sensor response and signal saturation in the high level data. The derived calibration fit functions between sensor response and volumetric water content hold for samples spanning a wide range of humus types with differing SOM characteristics. This strengthens confidence in their validity under various conditions, rendering them highly suitable for large-scale applications in remote sensing and land surface modeling studies. Agreement between independent Decagon 5TE and ThetaProbe time series from an organic surface layer at the Sodankylä site was significantly improved when the here proposed fit functions were used. Decagon 5TE data also well-reflected precipitation events. Thus, Decagon 5TE network data from organic surface layers at the Sodankylä and HOBE sites are based on the here proposed natural log fit. The newly derived ThetaProbe fit functions should be used for hand-held applications only, but in that case proof of value for the acquisition of instantaneous large-scale soil moisture estimates.

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