Cladding Thickness of Fuel Elements by X-Rays

1958 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Beverley James Lowe ◽  
Payson D. Sierer ◽  
Robert B. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uranium Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Fuel Elements ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Cladding Material

AbstractThe paper is based on a feasibility study to determine the suitability of various techniques for the non-destructive measurement of cladding thickness on uranium fuel elements. The techniques studied were: 1—the attentuation of the characteristic X-ray fluorescence from the uranium base metal by the cladding material, and 2—Compton scattering of X-rays from the cladding surface. The cladding materials used in the investigation were aluminum, 304 stainless steel and zirconium, providing a wide range of both atomic number and density.

scholarly journals Development of a novel microfluidic device to study metal geochemistry in situ using X-ray fluorescence microprobe spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-471
Author(s):  
Michael A. Chen ◽  
Benjamin D. Kocar
Keyword(s):  
Microfluidic Device ◽  
Microfluidic System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Thin Glass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Etched Silicon ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Mapping

The study of in situ microscale biogeochemical processes represents a major challenge in the environmental sciences. The combination of microfluidic devices with X-ray fluorescence microprobe spectroscopy may address this need, but typical materials used in these devices attenuate the X-rays needed to analyze key elements of interest, such as Fe or As. In this work, a method is presented for fabricating an etched silicon microfluidic device that is sealed with a 30 µm thin glass window that is sufficiently transparent for X-ray fluorescence microprobe spectroscopy. The capabilities of these devices for X-ray microprobe spectroscopy are demonstrated using an Fe (hydr)oxide solid that is loaded with As and then infused with sulfide, on beamline 4-BM at NSLS-II, resulting in time-variant Fe precipitation reactions and As sorption. Key results include in situ X-ray fluorescence time-series maps of Fe, As and a Br flow tracer, as well as spot XANES at both the Fe K edge and As K edge. Additionally, multiple energy mapping is used to examine the spatial speciation of As over time. The results of this work clearly demonstrate the capabilities of this novel microfluidic system that can be analyzed using X-ray fluorescence microprobe spectroscopy and can be made to study a wide range of complex microscale geochemical systems.

scholarly journals More than XRF Mapping: STEAM (Statistically Tailored Elemental Angle Mapper) a Pioneering Analysis Protocol for Pigment Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1446
Author(s):  
Jacopo Orsilli ◽  
Anna Galli ◽  
Letizia Bonizzoni ◽  
Michele Caccia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Spectral Angle Mapper ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Radiation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Analysis Protocol

Among the possible variants of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), applications exploiting scanning Macro-XRF (MA-XRF) are lately widespread as they allow the visualization of the element distribution maintaining a non-destructive approach. The surface is scanned with a focused or collimated X-ray beam of millimeters or less: analyzing the emitted fluorescence radiation, also elements present below the surface contribute to the elemental distribution image obtained, due to the penetrative nature of X-rays. The importance of this method in the investigation of historical paintings is so obvious—as the elemental distribution obtained can reveal hidden sub-surface layers, including changes made by the artist, or restorations, without any damage to the object—that recently specific international conferences have been held. The present paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of using MA-XRF considering it as an imaging technique, in synergy with other hyperspectral methods, or combining it with spot investigations. The most recent applications in the cultural Heritage field are taken into account, demonstrating how obtained 2D-XRF maps can be of great help in the diagnostic applied on Cultural Heritage materials. Moreover, a pioneering analysis protocol based on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm is presented, unifying the MA-XRF standard approach with punctual XRF, exploiting information from the mapped area as a database to extend the comprehension to data outside the scanned region, and working independently from the acquisition set-up. Experimental application on some reference pigment layers and a painting by Giotto are presented as validation of the proposed method.

scholarly journals The XXL Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. A18 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Logan ◽  
B. J. Maughan ◽  
M. N. Bremer ◽  
P. Giles ◽  
M. Birkinshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Resolution ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cluster Emission ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Function Modelling

Context. The XMM-XXL survey has used observations from the XMM-Newton observatory to detect clusters of galaxies over a wide range in mass and redshift. The moderate PSF (FWHM ~ 6″ on-axis) of XMM-Newton means that point sources within or projected onto a cluster may not be separated from the cluster emission, leading to enhanced luminosities and affecting the selection function of the cluster survey. Aims. We present the results of short Chandra observations of 21 galaxy clusters and cluster candidates at redshifts z > 1 detected in the XMM-XXL survey in X-rays or selected in the optical and infra-red. Methods. With the superior angular resolution of Chandra, we investigate whether there are any point sources within the cluster region that were not detected by the XMM-XXL analysis pipeline, and whether any point sources were misclassified as distant clusters. Results. Of the 14 X-ray selected clusters, 9 are free from significant point source contamination, either having no previously unresolved sources detected by Chandra or with less than about 10% of the reported XXL cluster flux being resolved into point sources. Of the other five sources, one is significantly contaminated by previously unresolved AGN, and four appear to be AGN misclassified as clusters. All but one of these cases are in the subset of less secure X-ray selected cluster detections and the false positive rate is consistent with that expected from the XXL selection function modelling. We also considered a further seven optically selected cluster candidates associated with faint XXL sources that were not classed as clusters. Of these, three were shown to be AGN by Chandra, one is a cluster whose XXL survey flux was highly contaminated by unresolved AGN, while three appear to be uncontaminated clusters. By decontaminating and vetting these distant clusters, we provide a pure sample of clusters at redshift z > 1 for deeper follow-up observations, and demonstrate the utility of using Chandra snapshots to test for AGN in surveys with high sensitivity but poor angular resolution.

A multi-length-scale USAXS/SAXS facility: 10–50 keV small-angle X-ray scattering instrument

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1508-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Freelon ◽  
Kamlesh Suthar ◽  
Jan Ilavsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Facility ◽  
Ray Scattering

Coupling small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) provides a powerful system of techniques for determining the structural organization of nanostructured materials that exhibit a wide range of characteristic length scales. A new facility that combines high-energy (HE) SAXS and USAXS has been developed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The application of X-rays across a range of energies, from 10 to 50 keV, offers opportunities to probe structural behavior at the nano- and microscale. An X-ray setup that can characterize both soft matter or hard matter and high-Zsamples in the solid or solution forms is described. Recent upgrades to the Sector 15ID beamline allow an extension of the X-ray energy range and improved beam intensity. The function and performance of the dedicated USAXS/HE-SAXS ChemMatCARS-APS facility is described.

scholarly journals Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) of brachiopod shell interiors for taxonomy: Preliminary report

2010 ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Motchurova-Dekova ◽  
David Harper
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Light Beams ◽  
Non Destructive

Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) is a non-destructive technique for the investigation and visualization of the internal features of solid opaque objects, which allows reconstruction of a complete three-dimensional image of internal structures by recording of the differences in the effects on the passage of waves of energy reacting with those structures. Contrary to X-rays, produced in a conventional X-ray tube, the intense synchrotron light beams are sharply focused like a laser beam. We report encouraging results from the use of SRXTM for purely taxonomic purposes in brachiopods: an attempt to find a non-destructive and more efficient alternative to serial sectioning and several other methods of dissection together with the non-destructive method of X-ray computerised micro-tomography. Two brachiopod samples were investigated using SRXTM. In ?Rhynchonella? flustracea it was possible to visualise the 3D shape of the crura and dental plates. In Terebratulina imbricata it was possible to reveal the form of the brachidium. It is encouraging that we have obtained such promising results using SRXTM with our very first two fortuitous samples, which had respectively fine-grained limestone and marl as infilling sediment, in contrast to the discouraging results communicated to us by some colleagues who have tested specimens with such infillings using X-ray micro-tomography. In future the holotypes, rare museum specimens or delicate Recent material may be preferentially subjected to this mode of analysis.

scholarly journals Elements Identification in Golden Strawberries (Physalis Peruviana L.) using Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Uğur Akbaba
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Food Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Non Destructive

Physalis peruviana (PP) is a popular exotic fruit due to its functional food properties. This product has a wide range of uses in the medical field, including treatments for cancer, malaria, hepatitis, dermatitis, rheumatism, weight loss, and diabetes. In this study, the PP element concentrations were investigated using a Wave Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (WDXRF). Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, P, S, Zn, Cl, K, Mg, Na, F, Si, and B were detected, and the Ca, Fe, Zn, P, Na, Mg elements were found in significant amounts. Therefore, PP has some important health elements. For example, Mg and Mn may be associated with diabetes control. WDXRF is a cheap, quick, and non-destructive technique used in the elemental analysis of plant samples.

scholarly journals Stellar Winds in Massive X-ray Binaries

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S329) ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
Peter Kretschmar ◽  
Silvia Martínez-Núñez ◽  
Enrico Bozzo ◽  
Lidia M. Oskinova ◽  
Joachim Puls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compact Object ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Stellar Winds ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
The One ◽  
X Ray Binaries

AbstractStrong winds from massive stars are a topic of interest to a wide range of astrophysical fields. In High-Mass X-ray Binaries the presence of an accreting compact object on the one side allows to infer wind parameters from studies of the varying properties of the emitted X-rays; but on the other side the accretor’s gravity and ionizing radiation can strongly influence the wind flow. Based on a collaborative effort of astronomers both from the stellar wind and the X-ray community, this presentation attempts to review our current state of knowledge and indicate avenues for future progress.

scholarly journals A comparison of the radiosensitisation ability of 22 different element metal oxide nanoparticles using clinical megavoltage X-rays

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Guerreiro ◽  
Nicholas Chatterton ◽  
Eleanor M. Crabb ◽  
Jon P. Golding
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background A wide range of nanoparticles (NPs), composed of different elements and their compounds, are being developed by several groups as possible radiosensitisers, with some already in clinical trials. However, no systematic experimental survey of the clinical X-ray radiosensitising potential of different element nanoparticles has been made. Here, we directly compare the irradiation-induced (10 Gy of 6-MV X-ray photon) production of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals and singlet oxygen in aqueous solutions of the following metal oxide nanoparticles: Al2O3, SiO2, Sc2O3, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO2, Fe3O4, CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, ZrO2, MoO3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, Tb4O7, Dy2O3, Er2O3 and HfO2. We also examine DNA damage due to these NPs in unirradiated and irradiated conditions. Results Without any X-rays, several NPs produced more radicals than water alone. Thus, V2O5 NPs produced around 5-times more hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. MnO2 NPs produced around 10-times more superoxide anions and Tb4O7 produced around 3-times more singlet oxygen. Lanthanides produce fewer hydroxyl radicals than water. Following irradiation, V2O5 NPs produced nearly 10-times more hydroxyl radicals than water. Changes in radical concentrations were determined by subtracting unirradiated values from irradiated values. These were then compared with irradiation-induced changes in water only. Irradiation-specific increases in hydroxyl radical were seen with most NPs, but these were only significantly above the values of water for V2O5, while the Lanthanides showed irradiation-specific decreases in hydroxyl radical, compared to water. Only TiO2 showed a trend of irradiation-specific increase in superoxides, while V2O5, MnO2, CoO, CuO, MoO3 and Tb4O7 all demonstrated significant irradiation-specific decreases in superoxide, compared to water. No irradiation-specific increases in singlet oxygen were seen, but V2O5, NiO, CuO, MoO3 and the lanthanides demonstrated irradiation-specific decreases in singlet oxygen, compared to water. MoO3 and CuO produced DNA damage in the absence of radiation, while the highest irradiation-specific DNA damage was observed with CuO. In contrast, MnO2, Fe3O4 and CoO were slightly protective against irradiation-induced DNA damage. Conclusions Beyond identifying promising metal oxide NP radiosensitisers and radioprotectors, our broad comparisons reveal unexpected differences that suggest the surface chemistry of NP radiosensitisers is an important criterion for their success.

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