Evaluating Temper Embrittlement in HY-80 Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise and Microstructural Characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Roberts ◽  
Charles D’Ambra ◽  
Jason Schibler ◽  
Michele Manuel ◽  
Thomas W. Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domain Walls ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Destructive Testing

Abstract HY80 steel is a low-carbon steel known for embodying high strength and toughness properties. This steel is used in submarine applications. Temper embrittlement, which is the reduction of fracture toughness, occurs in steels when subject to aging and drastic temperature fluctuations. These changes occur in submarines over time while in underwater environments. During temper embrittlement, impurity atoms and carbides migrate to grain boundaries, which make the steel more susceptible to fracture. A non-destructive testing (NDT) method is desirable to assess the temper embrittlement damage in HY80. Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) is of interest as being a potential NDT method for analyzing HY80. Focusing on microstructural characterization and its effect on MBN could have implications for establishing an MBN based method to detect varied stages of temper embrittlement in HY80 steel. In this research, samples of HY80 were prepared and heat treated for 16–336 hours to mimic various degrees of temper embrittlement. Microstructural changes with heat treatment were characterized and connected to the MBN produced at each holding time. Methods consisted of performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using an MBN measurement system. It was observed that as holding time increases, grain size increases and carbide density within the grains decreases. These carbides, which act as pinning sites, make it more difficult for domain walls to move, consequently affecting MBN energy.

scholarly journals Temper embrittlement of 9%Ni low carbon steel and nondestructive inspection by magnetic Barkhausen noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 02020
Author(s):  
Sérgio S.M. Tavares ◽  
Fernanda F. Neves ◽  
Hugo R. da Igreja ◽  
Leosdan F. Noris ◽  
Odivaldo C. Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

9% Ni and low carbon steel is used in cryogenic services in oil and gas industries. The final mechanical properties are adjusted by quenching and tempering heat treatments. However, the un-correct tempering may cause temper embrittlement, with drastic decrease of toughness at cryogenic temperatures. In this study, specimens tempered at 350°C, 400°C and 450°C showed very low toughness at low temperature (-196°C) due to temper embrittlement. Specimens slowly cooled from the tempering temperature (565°C, 585°C and 605°C) also showed toughness reduction in comparison with specimens tempered at the same temperature and cooled in water. The brittle fracture was characterized by intergranular cracks and cleavage. Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) inspection was conducted to verify if this technique can be used to detect the temper embrittlement in 9Ni steels. The root mean square (RMS) of the MBN signal was higher in specimens as quenched and in specimens tempered in the temper embrittlement range (350°C-500°C) than in specimens which were correctly tempered (565°C-605°C and water cooled). Comparing specimens tempered at 565 and 585°C range and slowly cooled with those which were water cooled, the RMS(MBN) was higher in the former group, which presented the lower toughness. However, the MBN inspection could not separate specimens tempered at 605°C slowly and rapidly, which can be related to the higher austenite volume fraction measured in the specimen slowly cooled.

Variations of the Magnetic Permeability and Barkhausen Noise in a Welded Low Carbon Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 278-281
Author(s):  
Lefteris Statharas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Magnetic Permeability ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

The present paper investigates the utilization of both the magnetic Barkhausen noise and permeability measurements for the nondestructive distinguish of the three welding zones in a welded low carbon steel.

Comparison of the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Low Carbon Steel in Deformed and Annealed Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. de Campos ◽  
F. R. F. da Silva ◽  
J. F. C. Lins ◽  
E. F. Monlevade ◽  
M. Alberteris Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

Correlation of the Barkhausen Noise with Metallurgical and Mechanical Characteristics of Welded Low Carbon Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 262-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polykseni Vourna ◽  
Aphrodite Ktena ◽  
Evangelos Hristoforou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Electron Beam Welding ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Welding Technique

The influence of Electron Beam welding technique on the microstructure, mechanical and magnetic properties of low carbon steels was presented and evaluated. Samples with dimensions of 12 cm x 6 cm x 1.5 mm were prepared from stock plate, installed on the welding table and welded at welding speeds and pulsed currents following a predesigned protocol. In order to examine the influence of welding on the magnetizing behavior of low carbon steel, magnetic Barkhausen noise were conducted on the surface of the welded samples. The results were further evaluated by examining the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded samples by using scanning electron microscopy and micro-hardness measurements, respectively.

Cold Working Degree Determination in Low Carbon Steel with Barkhausen Noise Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
Z. Petrakou
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Metallic Material ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Non Destructive

Mild steel is one of the most commonly used materials in both industry, construction and other commercial –less or more elaborated- applications, and therefore the need of the appliance of an efficient and precise non-destructive testing method is requisite and mandatory. Here we report the experimental study of one of the most significant properties of mild steel, that of hardness, that can substantially reveal important facts such as the grade of deformation and work-hardening of steel, with the use of Barkhausen Noise Analysis. We also studied how the magnetic and mechanical properties of this specific metallic material can be successfully correlated.

scholarly journals Materials for Automotive Lightweighting

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Taub ◽  
Emmanuel De Moor ◽  
Alan Luo ◽  
David K. Matlock ◽  
John G. Speer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Advanced High Strength Steels ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Cost

Reducing the weight of automobiles is a major contributor to increased fuel economy. The baseline materials for vehicle construction, low-carbon steel and cast iron, are being replaced by materials with higher specific strength and stiffness: advanced high-strength steels, aluminum, magnesium, and polymer composites. The key challenge is to reduce the cost of manufacturing structures with these new materials. Maximizing the weight reduction requires optimized designs utilizing multimaterials in various forms. This use of mixed materials presents additional challenges in joining and preventing galvanic corrosion.

Laser Forming for Flexible Fabrication

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Koichi Masubuchi ◽  
Jerry E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Network Models ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Laser Forming ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Neural Network Models

A 36-month program supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility to predictably laser form a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of different thickness. Laser forming provides a method of producing complex shapes in sheet, plate, and tubing without the use of tooling, molds, or dies. By heating a localized area with a laser beam, it is possible to create stress states that result in predictable deformation. This research program has developed, refined and demonstrated constitutive and empirical, and neural network models to predict deformation as a function of critical parametric variables and established an understanding of the effect of laser forming on some metallurgical properties of materials. The program was organized into two, time-phased tasks. The first task involved forming flat plates to one-dimensional (I -D) shapes, such as, hinge bends in various materials including low-carbon steel, high-strength steels, nickel-based super alloys, and aluminum alloys. The second task expanded the work conducted in the first task to investigate three-dimensional (3-D) configurations. The models were updated, 3-D specimens fabricated and evaluated, and cost benefit analyses were performed.

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