Effects of long-term space environment exposure on optical substrates and coatings

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Havey, Jr. ◽  
Arthur W. Mustico ◽  
John F. Vallimont
Keyword(s):  
Space Environment ◽  
Environment Exposure

Dropouts and Aftereffects: Examining General Accessibility to Virtual Environment Technology

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (26) ◽  
pp. 2114-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay M. Stanney ◽  
Kelly S. Kingdon ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
General Public ◽  
Dropout Rates ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Oculomotor Disturbances ◽  
A Minor

Are current virtual environments (VEs) usable by the broad spectrum of people who may wish to utilize this technology? The current study, which examined over 1000 participants, indicates the answer to this question is a definitive ‘no’. Virtual environment exposure was found to cause people to vomit (1.1%), experience nausea (71%), disorientation (70%), and oculomotor disturbances (79%). Overall, 88% of participants reported some level of adverse symptomatology, ranging from a minor headache to vomiting and intense vertigo. These disturbances led 12% of those exposed to prematurely cease their interaction. Dropout rates as high as nearly 50% were found in exposures of 1 hr in length. In addition, long-term aftereffects were found, including headaches, drowsiness, nausea, and fatigue. These problems could substantially reduce the accessibility of VE technology by the general public and thus must be resolved if this technology is to be widely adopted.

scholarly journals The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Space Environment on Adult Mammalian Organisms: A Study on Mouse Thyroid and Testis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e35418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Angela Masini ◽  
Elisabetta Albi ◽  
Cristina Barmo ◽  
Tommaso Bonfiglio ◽  
Lara Bruni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mouse Thyroid

Thermoelectric Applications as Related to Biomedical Engineering for Nasa Johnson Space Center

1997 ◽  
Vol 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Kramer ◽  
P.E.
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
International Space ◽  
Future Technology ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Environment Noise ◽  
Scientific Value

AbstractThis paper presents current NASA biomedical developments and applications using thermoelectrics. Discussion will include future technology enhancements that would be most beneficial to the application of thermoelectric technology.A great deal of thermoelectric applications have focused on electronic cooling. As with all technological developments within NASA, if the application cannot be related to the average consumer, the technology will not be mass-produced and widely available to the public (a key to research and development expenditures and thermoelectric companies). Included are discussions of thermoelectric applications to cool astronauts during launch and reentry. The earth-based applications, or spin-offs, include such innovations as tank and race car driver cooling, to cooling infants with high temperatures, as well as, the prevention of hair loss during chemotherapy. In order to preserve the scientific value of metabolic samples during long-term space missions, cooling is required to enable scientific studies. Results of one such study should provide a better understanding of osteoporosis and may lead to a possible cure for the disease.In the space environment, noise has to be kept to a minimum. In long-term space applications such as the International Space Station, thermoelectric technology provides the acoustic relief and the reliability for food, as well as, scientific refrigeration/freezers. Applications and future needs are discussed as NASA moves closer to a continued space presence in Mir, International Space Station, and Lunar-Mars Exploration.

scholarly journals Effects of Ionizing Radiation and Long-Term Storage on Hydrated vs. Dried Cell Samples of Extremophilic Microorganisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Ida Romano ◽  
Carlo Camerlingo ◽  
Lisa Vaccari ◽  
Giovanni Birarda ◽  
Annarita Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Space Condition ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Extremophilic Microorganisms ◽  
Term Storage

A main factor hampering life in space is represented by high atomic number nuclei and energy (HZE) ions that constitute about 1% of the galactic cosmic rays. In the frame of the “STARLIFE” project, we accessed the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (HIMAC) facility of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Chiba, Japan. By means of this facility, the extremophilic species Haloterrigena hispanica and Parageobacillus thermantarcticus were irradiated with high LET ions (i.e., Fe, Ar, and He ions) at doses corresponding to long permanence in the space environment. The survivability of HZE-treated cells depended upon either the storage time and the hydration state during irradiation; indeed, dry samples were shown to be more resistant than hydrated ones. With particular regard to spores of the species P. thermantarcticus, they were the most resistant to irradiation in a water medium: an analysis of the changes in their biochemical fingerprinting during irradiation showed that, below the survivability threshold, the spores undergo to a germination-like process, while for higher doses, inactivation takes place as a consequence of the concomitant release of the core’s content and a loss of integrity of the main cellular components. Overall, the results reported here suggest that the selected extremophilic microorganisms could serve as biological model for space simulation and/or real space condition exposure, since they showed good resistance to ionizing radiation exposure and were able to resume cellular growth after long-term storage.

scholarly journals Analysis of changes in post-seismic landslide distribution and its effect on building reconstruction

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Yang ◽  
M. Wang ◽  
N. Kerle ◽  
C. J. Van Westen ◽  
L. Y. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Seismic Landslide ◽  
Landslide Debris

Abstract. Six years after the devastating Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, new landslides, debris flows, and flash floods still occur frequently in the earthquake-stricken regions. This shows that the geological hazards that occur after a major earthquake in a mountainous environment can be a long-term threat. However, post-earthquake reconstruction and relocation of local residents often neglect this evolving threat, and its interaction with existing and rebuilt houses has not been well studied. Here we show that the evolving mountain environment, including the changed geographic distribution of new landslides and the continuously uplifting riverbed, creates emerging risks for existing and rebuilt houses. We use spatial analysis of landslide debris and the location of houses from high-resolution images and field survey in the study area and find that new landslides and the houses rebuilt after the Wenchuan earthquake have a similar trend of moving to lower elevations, gentler slopes, and closer to rivers. This study confirms that the persistent downward movement of landslide debris has rapidly filled up riverbeds over the past 6 years. The elevated riverbeds make the study area extremely susceptible to flash floods, creating further risks to newly rebuilt houses that are closer to the river. We highlight the often neglected dynamic process that involves changes in the natural environment and man-made constructions and their interaction. This dynamic process requires long-term monitoring and adaptive management of mountainous regions after major earthquakes that can fully consider the sophisticated evolving risks caused by the changing environment, exposure, and vulnerability in the region.

EFFECTS OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE ON THE BLOCKING FORCE OF SILICONE ADHESIVE

2006 ◽  
pp. 295-307
Author(s):  
PAUL BOEDER ◽  
RON MIKATARIAN ◽  
MARY J. LORENZ ◽  
STEVE KOONTZ ◽  
KEITH ALBYN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Environment ◽  
Silicone Adhesive ◽  
Environment Exposure

Results of Space-Environment Exposure of the Flexible Optical Solar Reflector

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Miyazaki ◽  
Ichiro Yamagata
Keyword(s):  
Space Environment ◽  
Environment Exposure

Long-term performance of doped Ge:Ga photoconductors in the space environment

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L. Lim ◽  
Martin J. Burgdorf ◽  
Bruce M. Swinyard ◽  
Elisabetta Tommasi ◽  
Matthew J. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Environment ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

scholarly journals Long term Evolution of Earth Orbiting Debris

1997 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 367-374
Author(s):  
A. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Optical Observations ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Space Activities

AbstractThe space environment is presently dominated by man-made debris, for particles larger than 1 mg. A comprehensive survey of the debris population from 1 mg to the larger sizes in view of the recent data from radar and optical observations, and from the analysis of materials retrived from space is given.A brief description of the major source and sink mechanisms acting on the debris population is given, along with a very short introduction to the two models for the long term evolution developed by the group in Pisa in the last years.The results of the long term evolution analysis are presented in some detail. A likely scenario of the future space activities leads to a large growth of mmsize particles due to several catastrophic collisions. The simulation highlights the necessity of more realistic explosion models, since the current ones overestimate the 10 cm-sized fragments.An enlarged version of this paper can be found at the CNUCE Spaceflight Dynamics Group Web site: http://apollo.cnuce.cnr.it/~rossi/homerossi.html.

scholarly journals Seasonal dependence of the Earth's radiation belt – new insights

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Hajra
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Belt ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Flux Variation ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Radiation Belt Electrons ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
First Time ◽  
Earth’S Radiation Belt

Abstract. Long-term variations in the relativistic (∼MeV) electrons in the Earth's radiation belt are explored to study seasonal features of the electrons. An L-shell dependence of the seasonal variations in the electrons is reported for the first time. A clear ∼6 month periodicity, representing one/two peaks per year, is identified for 1.5–6.0 MeV electron fluxes in the L shells between ∼3.0 and ∼5.0. The relativistic electron flux variation is strongest during solar cycle descending to minimum phases, with weaker/no variations during solar maximum. If two peaks per year occur, they are largely asymmetric in amplitude. The peaks essentially do not have an equinoctial dependence. Sometimes the peaks are shifted to solstices, and sometimes only one annual peak is observed. No such seasonal features are prominent for L<3.0 and L>5.0. The results imply varying solar/interplanetary drivers of the radiation belt electrons at different L shells. This has a potential impact on the modeling of the space environment. Plausible solar drivers are discussed.

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