The Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Dietary Quality

This study evaluated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and dietary quality in a group of 20- to 40-year-old women (n= 34) who varied widely in levels of physical activity. Nutrient intakes were determined using 10 repeated 24-hr diet records, randomly assigned, over a 10-week period, Physical activity was determined on the same randomly assigned days using the Caltrac Personal Activity Computer. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by two maximal graded treadmill tests with continuous metabolic monitoring at both the beginning and end of the 10-week period. Neither physical activity nor cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly correlated with nutrient density (nutrient/1,000 kcal). Intake of energy (kcal/kg body weight) was higher for the more physically active and fit women, leading to a significant increase in most nutrients consumed per kilogram of body weight.

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The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and dietary quality

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/0002-8223(93)91080-a ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 93 (9) ◽

pp. A27

Author(s):

D.E Butterworth ◽

D.C Nieman ◽

B.C Underwood ◽

K.D Lindsted

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

The Relationship

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Physical Activity Is Associated with Weight Loss and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Severely Obese Men and Women Undergoing Lifestyle Treatment

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2012/810594 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Eivind Aadland ◽

Lesley Robertson

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Weight Change ◽

Specific Effect ◽

Men And Women ◽

Lifestyle Treatment ◽

Severely Obese ◽

The Relationship ◽

Gender Specific

We aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and change in body weight and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in severely obese men and women. Thirty-five subjects (10 men, body mass index43.2±5.1 kg/m2) who participated in a 10-month lifestyle treatment programme were included. The PA duration correlated only with weight change for men (r=-0.69,P=.027versusr=-0.19,P=.372for women). Conversely, the PA intensity correlated only with CRF for women (r=0.61,P=.003versusr=0.39,P=.340for men). PA explained 55.8 and 5.6% of weight change for men and women, respectively, whereas the corresponding explained variances for CRF were 15.6 and 36.7%. We conclude that PA was associated with change in body weight and CRF; however, there was a trend towards a gender specific effect between severely obese men and women.

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The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates: the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1991.0105 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 334 (1270) ◽

pp. 161-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Keyword(s):

Food Selection ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

High Nutrient ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

High Dietary Protein ◽

Growth And Reproduction

Many studies have examined the proportion of time that primates devote to feeding on various types of food, but relatively little is known about the intake rates associated with each food. However, the nutritional consequences of foraging can only be interpreted by comparing nutrient intakes with estimated nutrient requirements. The energy available to primates from ingested foods will depend both on the composition of the food and the extent to which various constituents, including fibre fractions, are digested. Both human and non-human primates have relatively low requirements for protein as a consequence of slow growth rates, small milk yields and relatively dilute milk. Because the nutrient demands of growth and reproduction are spread out over time, it appears that primates do not need to seek out foods of particularly high nutrient density, except perhaps during weaning. Although food selection in some species of primates appears to be correlated with the protein concentration of foods, it is unlikely that high dietary protein levels are required, at least when foods of balanced amino acid composition (such as leaves) are included in the diet.

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Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Alcohol Consumers

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117120985830 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089011712098583

Author(s):

Mats Hallgren ◽

Davy Vancampfort ◽

Thi-Thuy-Dung Nguyen ◽

Elin Ekblom-Bak ◽

Peter Wallin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Health Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physically Active ◽

Alcohol Abstainers

Purpose: To describe physical activity habits, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels among alcohol abstainers, hazardous and non-hazardous drinkers. Design: Cross-sectional study with data collected between 2017-19. Setting: Sweden. Subjects: Adults aged 18-65 years (n = 47,559; 59.4% male). Measures: During a routine health assessment, participants answered validated single-item questions regarding: habitual physical activity, structured exercise, and the percentage of time spent sedentary during leisure-time (past 30 days), and completed a 6-minute cycle ergometer test (V02max) to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participants were categorized as alcohol abstainers, non-hazardous drinkers or hazardous drinkers (low/high) based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) cut-points for men and women. Analysis: Logistic regression models stratified by sex and age. Results: Compared to non-hazardous drinkers, the heaviest drinkers were less physically active (males: OR = 1.38, CI = 1.13-1.67, p = .001; females: OR = 1.41, CI = 1.01-1.97, p = .040) and more sedentary during leisure time (males: OR = 1.94, CI = 1.62-2.32, p = .000; females: OR = 1.62, CI = 1.21-2.16, p = .001). Apart from young females, the heaviest drinkers also did less structured exercise than non-hazardous drinkers (males: OR = 1.22, CI = 1.15-1.51, p = .000; females: OR = 1.43, CI = 1.15-1.78, p = .001). The strongest associations were seen among adults aged 40-65 years (shown here). High-hazardous drinking was associated with low CRF among older males only (OR = 1.19, CI = 1.00-1.41). Conclusion: Middle-aged adults with AUDIT-C scores of ≥6 (women) and ≥7 (men) were less physically active and more sedentary during leisure time and may be appropriate targets for physical activity interventions.

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How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: a systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2016-097361 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (16) ◽

pp. 1039-1039 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Adilson Marques ◽

Diana A Santos ◽

Charles H Hillman ◽

Luís B Sardinha

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Academic Achievement ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

The Relationship

ObjectiveThis report aimed to systematically review the evidence for a differential association between objective and self-reported physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on academic achievement.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesStudies were identified from searches in Embase, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to December 2016.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligibility criteria included cross-sectional, longitudinal and interventional study designs. Outcomes included students’ school grade or a standardised test or measure of academic achievement. Explanatory variables were cardiorespiratory fitness and objective and self-reported physical activity. Inclusion criteria included school-aged children and adolescents aged–18 years (or students from primary to secondary school when student’s participants age was not described) and articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish.ResultsA total of 51 articles met inclusion criteria: 41 cross-sectional, 2 intervention and 8 longitudinal studies. Results from 11 studies were inconsistent regarding the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and academic achievement. Ten of the 16 articles reported positive associations between self-reported physical activity and academic achievement. From the 22 studies that analysed the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement, it was verified that they all generally support the beneficial effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on students’ academic achievement.ConclusionHigher cardiorespiratory fitness may be important to enhance children and adolescents’ health and, additionally, academic achievement. Due to a lack of consensus across studies, methodological issues associated with the assessment of physical activity should be considered when investigating physical activity and academic achievement.

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Relationship between the intention–behavior gap and self-efficacy for physical activity during childhood

Journal of Child Health Care ◽

10.1177/1367493518777297 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tsunenori Isa ◽

Yuya Ueda ◽

Ryo Nakamura ◽

Shogo Misu ◽

Rei Ono

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

High Activity ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Self Report ◽

Physically Active ◽

Education Interventions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Low Activity ◽

Actual Participation

This study investigated the relationship of a gap between the intent to be physically active and actual participation in physical activity (‘intention–behavior gap’) and self-efficacy for physical activity during childhood. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect information from 946 children from the fourth and sixth grades in Japan on self-efficacy, intention, and physical activity. Children with an intention–behavior gap (high intent–low activity or low intent–high activity) had higher self-efficacy scores than those with low intent and low activity (27.66 or 27.65 vs. 21.69; p < .001). They had lower self-efficacy scores than those with high intent and high activity (27.66 or 27.65 vs. 30.56; p < .001). Children with an intention–behavior gap had lower self-efficacy for physical activity than those who intended to be and were physically active. Such children may benefit from education interventions that focus on improving self-efficacy.

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Relationship Between Mental Health, Resilience, and Physical Activity in Older Adults: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2020-0264 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Maria Priscila Wermelinger Ávila ◽

Jimilly Caputo Corrêa ◽

Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti ◽

Giancarlo Lucchetti

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Older Adults ◽

Regression Models ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Physically Active ◽

Effective Interventions ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the association between resilience and mental health in older adults and to determine the influence of physical activity on this relationship. A total of 291 older adults were included in a 2-year follow-up study. Adjusted linear regression models evaluated the association between resilience at baseline and mental health after 2 years in sufficiently and insufficiently physically active older adults. A negative correlation was found between resilience at baseline and depression, anxiety, and stress after 2 years for the overall sample. This association changed after stratifying the group. Sufficiently physically active individuals made greater use of the resilience components “Self-Sufficiency” and “Perseverance,” whereas insufficiently physically active individuals made greater use of “Meaning of Life” and “Existential Singularity.” Physical activity can influence the relationship between resilience and mental health. These results can help guide the devising of more effective interventions for this age group.

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Sport Participation and Metabolic Risk During Adolescent Years: A Structured Equation Model

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0599-6432 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (09) ◽

pp. 674-681 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

André Oliveira Werneck ◽

Danilo da Silva ◽

Rômulo Fernandes ◽

Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque ◽

Manuel Coelho-e-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Automatic Instrument ◽

The Relationship ◽

Blood Variables

AbstractSports practice during childhood can influence health indicators in later ages through direct and indirect pathways. Thus, this study aimed to test direct and indirect pathways to the association between sports practice in childhood and metabolic risk in adolescence, adopting physical activity, adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness at adolescence as potential mediators. This cross-sectional study with retrospective information was conducted with 991 adolescents (579 girls, 412 boys) aged 10 to 16 y. Sports activity was self-reported in childhood (retrospective data) and physical activity evaluated in adolescence through questionnaires. Somatic maturation (Mirwald method), cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle-run test), body fat (skinfolds), waist circumference, blood pressure (automatic instrument) and blood variables (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) were measured at adolescence. Waist circumference, blood pressure and blood variables composed the metabolic risk score. Structured equation modeling was adopted. In both sexes, the relationship between sports practice at childhood and metabolic risk was fully mediated by habitual physical activity, which is related to the obesity construct and cardiorespiratory fitness. Obesity was associated with metabolic risk in boys (β=0.062; p<0.001) and girls (β=0.047; p<0.001). The relationship between sports practice in childhood and metabolic risk in adolescence was mediated by physical activity, obesity, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

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Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10101361 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1361 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Sonia Vega-López ◽

Bernard Venn ◽

Joanne Slavin

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Body Weight ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Glycemic Load ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

The Relationship

Despite initial enthusiasm, the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response (GR) and disease prevention remains unclear. This review examines evidence from randomized, controlled trials and observational studies in humans for short-term (e.g., satiety) and long-term (e.g., weight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes) health effects associated with different types of GI diets. A systematic PubMed search was conducted of studies published between 2006 and 2018 with key words glycemic index, glycemic load, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, body weight, satiety, and obesity. Criteria for inclusion for observational studies and randomized intervention studies were set. The search yielded 445 articles, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Results suggest an equivocal relationship between GI/GR and disease outcome. The strongest intervention studies typically find little relationship among GI/GR and physiological measures of disease risk. Even for observational studies, the relationship between GI/GR and disease outcomes is limited. Thus, it is unlikely that the GI of a food or diet is linked to disease risk or health outcomes. Other measures of dietary quality, such as fiber or whole grains may be more likely to predict health outcomes. Interest in food patterns as predictors of health benefits may be more fruitful for research to inform dietary guidance.

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