Quinine Ingestion During the Latter Stages of a 3,000-m Time Trial Fails to Improve Cycling Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Brad Clark ◽  
Megan L. Ross ◽  
Timothy Hui ◽  
Roland Goecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
S Cycling ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
And Control ◽  
Carbohydrate Solution

The ingestion of quinine, a bitter tastant, improves short-term (30 s) cycling performance, but it is unclear whether this effect can be integrated into the last effort of a longer race. The purpose of this study was to determine whether midtrial quinine ingestion improves 3,000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Following three familiarization TTs, 12 well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: mass = 76.6 ± 9.2 kg, maximal aerobic power = 390 ± 50 W, maximal oxygen uptake = 4.7 ± 0.6 L/min) performed four experimental 3,000-m TTs on consecutive days. This double-blind, crossover design study had four randomized and counterbalanced conditions: (a) Quinine 1 (25-ml solution, 2 mM of quinine); (b) Quinine 2, replicate of Quinine 1; (c) a 25-ml sweet-tasting no-carbohydrate solution (Placebo); and (d) 25 ml of water (Control) consumed at the 1,850-m point of the TT. The participants completed a series of perceptual scales at the start and completion of all TTs, and the power output was monitored continuously throughout all trials. The power output for the last 1,000 m for all four conditions was similar: mean ± SD: Quinine 1 = 360 ± 63 W, Quinine 2 = 367 ± 63 W, Placebo = 364 ± 64 W, and Control = 367 ± 58 W. There were also no differences in the 3,000-m TT power output between conditions. The small perceptual differences between trials at specific 150-m splits were not explained by quinine intake. Ingesting 2 mM of quinine during the last stage of a 3,000-m TT did not improve cycling performance.

Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Combined with Quercetin Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holden S-H. MacRae ◽  
Kari M. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
Power Peak ◽  
Manova Analysis ◽  
Trial Performance

We investigated whether 6 wk of antioxidant supplementation (AS) would enhance 30 km time trial (TT) cycling performance. Eleven elite male cyclists completed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study to test the effects of twice daily AS containing essential vitamins plus quercetin (FRS), and AS minus quercetin (FRS-Q) versus a baseline TT (B). MANOVA analysis showed that time to complete the 30 km TT was improved by 3.1% on FRS compared to B (P ≤ 0.01), and by 2% over the last 5 km (P ≤ 0.05). Absolute and relative (%HRmax) heart rates and percent VO2max were not different between trials, but average and relative power (% peak power) was higher on FRS (P ≤ 0.01). Rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation were not different between trials. Thus, FRS supplementation significantly improved high-intensity cycling TT performance through enhancement of power output. Further study is needed to determine the potential mechanism(s) of the antioxidant efficacy.

Reliability of Physiological Attributes and Their Association With Stochastic Cycling Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Levin ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Physiological Attributes ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:To assess the reliability of a 5-min-stage graded exercise test (GXT) and determine the association between physiological attributes and performance over stochastic cycling trials of varying distance.Methods:Twenty-eight well-trained male cyclists performed 2 GXTs and either a 30-km (n = 17) or a 100-km stochastic cycling time trial (n = 9). Stochastic cycling trials included periods of high-intensity efforts for durations of 250 m, 1 km, or 4 km depending on the test being performing.Results:Maximal physiological attributes were found to be extremely reliable (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]: coefficient of variation [CV] 3.0%, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .911; peak power output [PPO]: CV 3.0%, ICC .913), but a greater variability was found in ventilatory thresholds and economy. All physiological variables measured during the GXT, except economy at 200 W, were correlated with 30-km cycling performance. Power output during the 250-m and 1-km efforts of the 30-km trial were correlated with VO2max, PPO, and the power output at the second ventilatory threshold (r = .58–.82). PPO was the only physiological attributed measured during the GXT to be correlated with performance during the 100-km cycling trial (r = .64).Conclusions:Many physiological variables from a reliable GXT were associated with performance over shorter (30-km) but not longer (100-km) stochastic cycling trials.

scholarly journals Single and combined effects of beetroot juice and caffeine supplementation on cycling time trial performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1050-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Lane ◽  
John A. Hawley ◽  
Ben Desbrow ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
James R. Blackwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Cycling Time

Both caffeine and beetroot juice have ergogenic effects on endurance cycling performance. We investigated whether there is an additive effect of these supplements on the performance of a cycling time trial (TT) simulating the 2012 London Olympic Games course. Twelve male and 12 female competitive cyclists each completed 4 experimental trials in a double-blind Latin square design. Trials were undertaken with a caffeinated gum (CAFF) (3 mg·kg−1 body mass (BM), 40 min prior to the TT), concentrated beetroot juice supplementation (BJ) (8.4 mmol of nitrate (NO3–), 2 h prior to the TT), caffeine plus beetroot juice (CAFF+BJ), or a control (CONT). Subjects completed the TT (females: 29.35 km; males: 43.83 km) on a laboratory cycle ergometer under conditions of best practice nutrition: following a carbohydrate-rich pre-event meal, with the ingestion of a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink and regular oral carbohydrate contact during the TT. Compared with CONT, power output was significantly enhanced after CAFF+BJ and CAFF (3.0% and 3.9%, respectively, p < 0.01). There was no effect of BJ supplementation when used alone (–0.4%, p = 0.6 compared with CONT) or when combined with caffeine (–0.9%, p = 0.4 compared with CAFF). We conclude that caffeine (3 mg·kg−1 BM) administered in the form of a caffeinated gum increased cycling TT performance lasting ∼50–60 min by ∼3%–4% in both males and females. Beetroot juice supplementation was not ergogenic under the conditions of this study.

Effects of Caffeine, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Their Combined Ingestion on High-Intensity Cycling Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Kilding ◽  
Claire Overton ◽  
Jonathan Gleave
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial

Purpose:To determine the effects of ingesting caffeine (CAFF) and sodium bicarbonate (SB), taken individually and simultaneously, on 3-km cycling time-trial (TT) performance.Method:Ten well-trained cyclists, age 24.2 ± 5.4 yr, participated in this acute-treatment, double-blind, crossover study that involved four 3-km cycling TTs performed on separate days. Before each TT, participants ingested either 3 mg/kg body mass (BM) of CAFF, 0.3 g · kg−1 · BM−1 of SB, a combination of the two (CAFF+SB), or a placebo (PLAC). They completed each 3-km TT on a laboratory-based cycle ergometer, during which physiological, perceptual, and performance measurements were determined. For statistical analysis, the minimal worthwhile difference was considered ~1% based on previous research.Results:Pretrial pH and HCO3 were higher in SB and CAFF+SB than in the CAFF and PLAC trials. Differences across treatments for perceived exertion and gastric discomfort were mostly unclear. Compared with PLAC, mean power output during the 3-km TT was higher in CAFF, SB, and CAFF+SB trials (2.4%, 2.6%, 2.7% respectively), resulting in faster performance times (–0.9, –1.2, –1.2% respectively). Effect sizes for all trials were small (0.21–0.24).Conclusions:When ingested individually, both CAFF and SB enhance high-intensity cycling TT performance in trained cyclists. However, the ergogenic effect of these 2 popular supplements was not additive, bringing into question the efficacy of coingesting the 2 supplements before short-duration high-intensity exercise. In this study there were no negative effects of combining CAFF and SB, 2 relatively inexpensive and safe supplements.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nitrate Supplementation on Cycling Performance in the Heat in Well-Trained Cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McQuillan ◽  
Julia R. Casadio ◽  
Deborah K. Dulson ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose: To determine the effect of consumption on measures of perception, thermoregulation, and cycling performance in hot conditions. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 8 well-trained cyclists (mean ± SD age 25 ± 8 y, peak 64 ± 5 mL · kg−1 · min−1) performed 2 separate trials in hot (35°C, 60% relative humidity) environments, having ingested either 140 mL -rich beetroot juice ∼8 mmol (NIT) or placebo (PLA) daily for 3 d with a 7-d washout period separating trials. Trials consisted of 2 × 10-min bouts at 40% and 60% peak power output (PPO) to determine physiological and perceptual responses to the heat, followed by a 4-km cycling time trial. Results: Basal [nitrite] was substantially elevated in NIT (2.70 ± 0.98 µM) vs PLA (1.10 ± 0.61 µM), resulting in a most likely (ES = 1.58 ± 0.93) increase after 3 d. There was a very likely trivial increase in rectal temperature in NIT at 40% (PLA 37.4°C ± 0.2°C vs NIT 37.5°C ± 0.3°C, 0.1°C ± 0.2°C) and 60% (PLA 37.8°C ± 0.2°C vs NIT 37.9°C ± 0.3°C, 0.1°C ± 0.2°C) PPO. Cycling performance was similar between trials (PLA 336 ± 45 W vs NIT 337 ± 50 W, CV ± 95%CL; 0.2% ± 2.5%). Outcomes for heart rate and perceptual measures were unclear across the majority of time points. Conclusions: Three days of supplementation resulted in small increases in rectal temperature during low- to moderate-intensity exercise, but this did not appear to influence 4-km cycling time-trial performance in hot climates.

scholarly journals The effects of block training on pacing during 20-km cycling time trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Pereira Costa ◽  
Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo ◽  
Carl David Paton
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cycling Time

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of block training (BL) on pacing during a 20-km hilly cycling time trial (TT) in trained cyclists. Twenty male cyclists were separated into 2 groups: control and BL. The training of each cyclist was monitored during a period of 3 weeks. In the first week cyclists performed an overload period of 7 consecutive days of high-intensity interval training followed by 2 weeks of normal training. Cyclists performed 1 TT before intervention and 2 TT after 7 and 14 days at the end of training. Each training session consisted of 10 sets of 3 repeated maximal-effort sprints (15, 30, and 45 s) with an effort/recovery duration ratio of 1:5. The main finding of this study was that the power output displayed a significantly higher start from the start until the halfway point of the TT (p < 0.05). Additionally, power output was characterized by a significant higher end spurt in the final 2 km in the BL after 2 weeks at the end of training (p < 0.05). In addition, after 2 weeks at the end of the overload period the distribution of cadence was significantly lower throughout the TT (p < 0.01). Therefore, a short period of consecutive days of intense training enhances cycling performance and changes the power output in the beginning and final part of the TT in trained cyclists.

scholarly journals Ingesting a Bitter Solution: The Sweet Touch to Increasing Short-Term Cycling Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-732
Author(s):  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Megan L. Ross ◽  
Brad Clark ◽  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Sweet Solution ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Ergometer Test

Purpose: The authors investigated the potential benefit of ingesting 2 mM of quinine (bitter tastant) on a 3000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: Nine well-trained male cyclists (maximal aerobic power: 386 [38] W) performed a maximal incremental cycling ergometer test, three 3000-m familiarization TTs, and four 3000-m intervention TTs (∼4 min) on consecutive days. The 4 interventions were (1) 25 mL of placebo, (2) a 25-mL sweet solution, and (3) and (4) repeat 25 mL of 2-mM quinine solutions (Bitter1 and Bitter2), 30 s before each trial. Participants self-selected their gears and were only aware of distance covered. Results: Overall mean power output for the full 3000 m was similar for all 4 conditions: placebo, 348 (45) W; sweet, 355 (47) W; Bitter1, 354 (47) W; and Bitter2, 355 (48) W. However, quinine administration in Bitter1 and Bitter2 increased power output during the first kilometer by 15 ± 11 W and 21 ± 10 W (mean ± 90% confidence limits), respectively, over placebo, followed by a decay of 34 ± 32 W during Bitter1 and Bitter2 during the second kilometer. Bitter2 also induced a 11 ± 13-W increase during the first kilometer compared with the sweet condition. Conclusions: Ingesting 2 mM of quinine can improve cycling performance during the first one-third of a 3000-m TT and could be used for sporting events lasting ∼80 s to potentially improve overall performance.

scholarly journals Coffee Ingestion Improves 5 km Cycling Performance in Men and Women by a Similar Magnitude

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Clarke ◽  
Nicholas A. Kirwan ◽  
Darren L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, although research to date has predominantly focused on anhydrous caffeine, and in men. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of coffee ingestion on 5 km cycling time trial performance, and to establish whether sex differences exist. A total of 38 participants (19 men and 19 women) completed a 5 km time trial following the ingestion of 0.09 g·kg-1 coffee providing 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (COF), a placebo (PLA), in 300 mL of water, or control (CON). Coffee ingestion significantly increased salivary caffeine levels (p < 0.001; η P 2 = 0.75) and, overall, resulted in improved 5 km time trial performance (p < 0.001; η P 2 = 0.23). Performance following COF (482 ± 51 s) was faster than PLA (491 ± 53 s; p = 0.002; d = 0.17) and CON (487 ± 52 s; p =0.002; d = 0.10) trials, with men and women both improving by approximately 9 seconds and 6 seconds following coffee ingestion compared with placebo and control, respectively. However, no differences were observed between CON and PLA (p = 0.321; d = 0.08). In conclusion, ingesting coffee providing 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine increased salivary caffeine levels and improved 5 km cycling time trial performance in men and women by a similar magnitude.

Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien J. Angus ◽  
Mark Hargreaves ◽  
Jane Dancey ◽  
Mark A. Febbraio
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Carbohydrate Solution ◽  
Trial Performance

This study examined the effectiveness of ingesting a carbohydrate or carbohydrate + medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on metabolism and cycling performance. Eight endurance-trained men [peak O2 uptake = 4.71 ± 0.09 (SE) l/min] completed 35 kJ/kg as quickly as possible [time trial (TT)] while consuming 250 ml/15 min of either a 6% (wt/vol) carbohydrate solution (C), a 6% carbohydrate + 4.2% MCT solution (C+M), or a sweet placebo (P). Time to complete the set amount of work was reduced in both C and C+M compared with P by 7 and 5%, respectively (C: 166 ± 7 min; C+M: 169 ± 7 min; P: 178 ± 11 min; P < 0.01). Plasma glucose concentration was maintained at or above resting values throughout both C and C+M trials but decreased ( P < 0.05) below resting values in P at the completion of the TT. The estimated rate of carbohydrate oxidation was not different during the first 90 min of exercise but thereafter was reduced ( P < 0.05) in P and was maintained in both C and C+M. These data demonstrate that carbohydrate ingestion during exercise improves 100-km TT performance compared with a sweet placebo, but the addition of MCT does not provide any further performance enhancement.

scholarly journals Does caffeine supplementation alter energy contribution during a work-based ~30 min cycling time-trial?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-481
Author(s):  
Gabriel Barreto ◽  
Rafael Pires da Silva ◽  
Guilherme Yamaguchi ◽  
Luana Farias de Oliveira ◽  
Vitor de Salles Painelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time

Caffeine has been shown to increase anaerobic energy contribution during short-duration cycling time-trials (TT) though no information exists on whether caffeine alters energy contribution during more prolonged, aerobic type TTs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on longer and predominantly aerobic exercise. Fifteen recreationally-trained male cyclists (age 38±8 y, height 1.76±0.07 m, body mass 72.9±7.7 kg) performed a ~30 min cycling TT following either 6 mg·kg-1BM caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) supplementation, and one control (CON) session without supplementation, in a double- -blind, randomised, counterbalance and cross-over design. Mean power output (MPO) was recorded as the outcome measure. Respiratory values were measured throughout exercise for the determination of energy system contribution. Data were analysed using mixed-models. CAF improved mean MPO compared to CON (P=0.01), and a trend towards an improvement compared to PLA (P=0.07); there was no difference in MPO at any timepoint throughout the exercise between conditions. There was a main effect of Condition (P=0.04) and Time (P<0.0001) on blood lactate concentration, which tended to be higher in CAF vs. both PLA and CON (Condition effect, both P=0.07). Ratings of perceived exertion increased over time (P<0.0001), with no effect of Condition or interaction (both P>0.05). Glycolytic energy contribution was increased in CAF compared to CON and PLA (both P<0.05), but not aerobic or ATP-CP (both P>0.05). CAF improved aerobic TT performance compared to CON, which could be explained by increased glycolytic energy contribution.

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