Energy Intakes of Ultraendurance Cyclists During Competition, an Observational Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Black ◽  
Paula M.L. Skidmore ◽  
Rachel C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
And Performance

Endurance events >10 hr are becoming increasingly popular but provide numerous physiological challenges, several of which can be attenuated with optimal nutritional intakes. Previous studies in ultraendurance races have reported large energy deficits during events. The authors therefore aimed to assess nutritional intakes in relation to performance among ultraendurance cyclists. This observational study included 18 cyclists in a 384-km cycle race. At race registration each cyclist’s support crew was provided with a food diary for their cyclist. On completion of the race, cyclists were asked to recall their race food and drink intakes. All food and fluids were analyzed using a computer software package. Mean (SD) time to complete the race was 16 hr 21 min (2 hr 2 min). Mean (SD) energy intake was 18.7 (8.6) MJ, compared with an estimated energy requirement for the race of 25.5 (7.4) MJ. There was a significant negative relationship between energy intake and time taken to complete the race (p = .023, r2 = −.283). Mean (SD) carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes were 52 (27), 15.84 (56.43), and 2.94 (7.25) g/hr, respectively. Only carbohydrate (p = .015, r2 = −.563) and fat intake (p = .037, r2 = −.494) were associated with time taken to complete the race. This study demonstrates the difficulties in meeting the high energy demands of ultraendurance cycling. The relationship between energy intake and performance suggests that reducing the energy deficit may be advantageous. Given the high carbohydrate intakes of these athletes, increasing energy intake from fat should be investigated as a means of decreasing energy deficits.

Short Stature Is Associated With Overweight but Not With High Energy Intake in Low-Income Quilombola Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroldo da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Andreza A. Luna ◽  
Telma Maria M. T. Florêncio ◽  
Monica L. Assunção ◽  
Bernardo L. Horta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Short Stature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype ◽  
High Energy Intake

Background: Population exposed to chronic undernutrition in early life seems to be more susceptible to obesity in adulthood due to the development of mechanisms that improve the efficiency of energy use. Therefore, these individuals have relatively reduced energy requirements (thrifty phenotype). Objective: To investigate, among women living on severe socioeconomic vulnerability, whether short stature, a marker for undernutrition in early life, is associated with excess body weight but not with a high energy intake. Methods: This cross-sectional study, carried out between July and November 2008, evaluated 1308 women from all (N = 39) Quilombola communities of Alagoas. Adequacy of energy intake was estimated by the ratio between energetic ingestion and the estimated energy requirement (EER). Results: The prevalence of short stature (≤ 154.8 cm) was 43.0% and 52.4% had excess body weight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2), being that 33.1% were overweight and 19.3% obese. Excess body weight was higher among women with short stature (56.6% vs 49.2%; P = .008), even after adjusting for age, energy intake, and per capita income (prevalence ratio = 1.16; 95% confidence interval = 1.04; 1.28). The ratio of energy intake/EER was independent of women’s stature. Conclusion: Excess body weight among Quilombola women represents a serious health problem. Short stature was significantly associated with excess body weight but not with a high energy intake. “Thrifty phenotype” may be one of the plausible explanations for this finding.

Effects of dietary protein content on IGF-I, testosterone, and body composition during 8 days of severe energy deficit and arduous physical activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Alemany ◽  
Bradley C. Nindl ◽  
Mark D. Kellogg ◽  
William J. Tharion ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Igf I

Energy restriction coupled with high energy expenditure from arduous work is associated with an altered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system and androgens that are coincident with losses of fat-free mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two levels of dietary protein content and its effects on IGF-I, androgens, and losses of fat-free mass accompanying energy deficit. We hypothesized that higher dietary protein content would attenuate the decline of anabolic hormones and, thus, prevent losses of fat-free mass. Thirty-four men [24 (SD 0.3) yr, 180.1 (SD 1.1) cm, and 83.0 (SD 1.4) kg] participated in an 8-day military exercise characterized by high energy expenditure (16.5 MJ/day), low energy intake (6.5 MJ/day), and sleep deprivation (4 h/24 h) and were randomly divided into two dietary groups: 0.9 and 0.5 g/kg dietary protein intake. IGF-I system analytes, androgens, and body composition were assessed before and on days 4 and 8 of the intervention. Total, free, and nonternary IGF-I and testosterone declined 50%, 64%, 55%, and 45%, respectively, with similar reductions in both groups. There was, however, a diet × time interaction on day 8 for total IGF-I and sex hormone-binding globulin. Decreases in body mass (3.2 kg), fat-free mass (1.2 kg), fat mass (2.0 kg), and percent body fat (1.5%) were similar in both groups ( P = 0.01). Dietary protein content of 0.5 and 0.9 g/kg minimally attenuated the decline of IGF-I, the androgenic system, and fat-free mass during 8 days of negative energy balance associated with high energy expenditure and low energy intake.

scholarly journals Relationship between the fatty acid profile of hair and energy availability of lactating primiparous cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Möller ◽  
Dirk Dannenberger ◽  
Gerd Nürnberg ◽  
Eva-Maria Strucken ◽  
Gudrun A. Brockmann
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Daily Body Weight

AbstractWe hypothesised that a relationship would exist between hair fatty acids, especially C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, and parameters of energy metabolism such as energy intake, energy mobilisation, and energy requirement for maintenance and milk performance. For this study, 11 primiparous German Holstein cows were available from which hair samples at weeks 6 and 8 of lactation were analysed. The average body weight of these animals was 558 ± 27 kg at calving and milk yield at 100-days in milk was 3,537 ± 529 kg. Feed intake and milk yield were measured daily. Body weight and back fat thickness were measured at calving and in weeks 2, 4, and 8 of lactation. Energy balance and energy utilisation were calculated until week 6 of lactation. Spearman's correlation coefficients were found to be significantly positive for the relationship between the percentage of C12:0 and C14:0 fatty acids in the hair in lactation week 8 and energy intake in weeks 5 and 6 (0.62 < r < 0.65, P < 0.05). If the animals are grouped according to their energy utilisation between weeks 1 and 6 into two groups higher (n = 6) or lower (n = 5) than the median, animals of the high energy utilising group had a higher energy intake. These animals had also higher percentages of the C12:0 fatty acid in their hair fat (week 6: 4.9% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.05; week 8: 4.3% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.05). Our hypothesis is supported, and this study justifies further investigation of the content of medium-chain fatty acids in hair samples as biomarkers for the metabolic status of a cow during early lactation.

scholarly journals The Feasibility and Acceptability of Two Methods of Snack Portion Control in United Kingdom (UK) Preschool Children: Reduction and Replacement

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Reale ◽  
Colette Kearney ◽  
Marion Hetherington ◽  
Fiona Croden ◽  
Joanne Cecil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Portion Control ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Selection Of

Large portions of high energy dense (HED) snacks are offered to children from a young age and are pervasive in our food environment. This study aimed to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of two strategies of snack portion control: reduction and replacement. Forty-six mother-child dyads aged 22–56 months (36.6 ± 9.5 m, 48% female) completed a three-week intervention. In week 1 (baseline) no changes were made to the child’s diet; week 2 (acclimation) children received a standardised selection of HED snacks, and in week 3 (intervention) participants were randomly assigned to snack replacement (n = 24) or snack reduction (n = 22). Snack replacement involved swapping HED snacks for fruits and vegetables, whilst snack reduction involved reducing the size of HED snacks by 50%. Food and energy intake were measured using a weighed food diary for four consecutive days. Snack replacement resulted in more positive changes to children’s diets; vegetable intake increased (p < 0.01), and total daily energy intake decreased when compared to snack reduction (p < 0.05). Mothers expressed a more favourable attitude to snack replacement, although snack reduction was also well received by mothers. Despite increased preliminary efficacy of snack replacement on dietary intake, both strategies were feasible and acceptable. The current pilot study provides the necessary information to inform the design of future interventions.

scholarly journals Nutritional intake of Slovenian semi-professional handball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-147
Author(s):  
Kaja Teraž ◽  
Cecil Meulenberg
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
And Performance

Aim: Handball is a highly popular team sport, both in Slovenia and globally. The performance during team sport matches is influenced by numerous factors, amongst others there is nutrition whose influence is lesser known, particularly since diet is often uncontrolled. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Slovenian handball players, on basis of their anthropometric data and nutritional recommendations, have adequate nutritional intakes of energy and macronutrients. Methods: Two Slovenian handball teams with male and female players (17 males and 9 females) who are part of the 1A national league, were assessed through a 7-day food diary to define their nutritional intake in three different conditions for males (on their training days, match days and days off) and in two conditions for females (on their training days and days off). Basal anthropometric data were measured by standard methods and the body composition by a bioelectrical impedance scale. The results were statistically analysed with IBM SPSS programme, using the repeated measures ANOVA model. Results: Both female and male handball players show insufficient amounts of energy intake, based on the most recent nutritional intake recommendations for team sports. Moreover, the intake of carbohydrates is too low for both female and male handball players, and the intake of fat is too high.           Conclusion: The analysis of the initial nutritional intake and the comparison with the recommendation shows that the male handball players do not have an optimal diet with proper intake of both energy and macronutrients. The energy intake is insufficient also in female players. Adjusting the nutritional intake in a way to make it more balanced and tuned to the training schedule, would support a better health and performance.

The Effect of 6 Days of Sodium Phosphate Supplementation on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Aerobic Capacity in Trained Men and Women

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. West ◽  
Tom Ayton ◽  
Karen E. Wallman ◽  
Kym J. Guelfi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Acute Dose ◽  
Peak Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Phosphate Supplementation

Ingestion of an acute dose of phosphate has been shown to attenuate energy intake in the subsequent meal. This raises the question of whether the practice of phosphate supplementation over a number of days by athletes to enhance performance also influences energy intake. This study investigated the effect of 6 d of phosphate supplementation on appetite and energy intake, as well as aerobic capacity, in trained individuals. Twenty participants completed two 6-d phases of supplementation with either sodium phosphate (50 mg/kg of fat-free mass per day) or a placebo in a double-blinded, counterbalanced design. On Days 1, 2, and 6 of supplementation, a laboratory meal was provided to assess appetite and ad libitum energy intake. All other food and drink consumed during each supplementation phase were recorded in a food diary. After the 6 d of supplementation, peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) was assessed. There was no difference in energy intake at the laboratory meal after an acute dose (i.e., on Day 1; placebo 2,471 ± 919 kJ, phosphate 2,353 ± 987 kJ; p = .385) or prolonged supplementation with sodium phosphate (p = .581) compared with placebo. Likewise, there was no difference in VO2peak with phosphate supplementation (placebo 52.6 ± 5.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, phosphate 53.3 ± 6.1 ml · kg−1 · min−1; p = .483). In summary, 6 d of sodium phosphate supplementation does not appear to influence energy intake. Therefore, athletes supplementing with sodium phosphate can do so without hindering their nutritional status. However, given that phosphate supplementation failed to improve aerobic capacity, the ergogenic benefit of this supplement remains questionable.

scholarly journals Design and Performance Analysis of a Lightweight Flexible nZEB

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5986
Author(s):  
Graziano Salvalai ◽  
Marta Maria Sesana ◽  
Diletta Brutti ◽  
Marco Imperadori
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Emergency Shelter ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
And Performance

Starting from an experimental activity, the paper describes research analysis that has been conducted on a real case construction with the aim to design its adaptation as a nearly zero energy building in three possible alternative scenarios: (i) a lab for students’ activities in the Lecco University Campus of Politecnico di Milano; (ii) an Alpine shelter for the implementation of a sustainable mountain tourism in Zermatt; (iii) an emergency shelter for poor communities in Burkina Faso. The use of an easily disassembled and lightweight steel structure coupled with dry-layered technologies allows a tailor-made envelope design, ensuring high thermal comfort, very low energy use, and limited construction times. The three case studies have been designed starting from the same architectural/structural concept. A detailed analysis, by means of finite element method and dynamic building thermal simulations, has been performed to predict the overall performances of each case study. The results show: (i) high replicability of the concept; (ii) high customization of the envelope technologies; (iii) high energy efficiency; and (iv) high thermal comfort of the architecture. The useful energy requirement in all the three analyzed scenarios is minimized and equal to 14.13, 23.88, and 41.83 kWh/m2 year, respectively, for the students’ lab, the Alpine shelter and the emergency shelter. According to this study the energy needs can be covered by renewable energy produced on site, making the architectural concept an interesting modular lightweight solution for a nearly zero energy building with high potential for replicability.

Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

Current progress and performance improvement of Pt/C catalysts for fuel cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (46) ◽  
pp. 24284-24306
Author(s):  
Xuefeng Ren ◽  
Yiran Wang ◽  
Anmin Liu ◽  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Qianyuan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carnot Cycle ◽  
High Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
And Performance

Fuel cell is an electrochemical device, which can directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electric energy, without heat process, not limited by Carnot cycle, high energy conversion efficiency, no noise and pollution.

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