The Self-Paced VO2max Test to Assess Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Highly Trained Runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Hogg ◽  
James G. Hopker ◽  
Alexis R. Mauger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Trained Runners

Purpose:The novel self-paced maximal-oxygen-uptake (VO2max) test (SPV) may be a more suitable alternative to traditional maximal tests for elite athletes due to the ability to self-regulate pace. This study aimed to examine whether the SPV can be administered on a motorized treadmill.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male distance runners performed a standard graded exercise test (GXT), an incline-based SPV (SPVincline), and a speed-based SPV (SPVspeed). The GXT included a plateau-verification stage. Both SPV protocols included 5 × 2-min stages (and a plateau-verification stage) and allowed for self-pacing based on fixed increments of rating of perceived exertion: 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20. The participants varied their speed and incline on the treadmill by moving between different marked zones in which the tester would then adjust the intensity.Results:There was no significant difference (P = .319, ES = 0.21) in the VO2max achieved in the SPVspeed (67.6 ± 3.6 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.6–69.7 mL · kg−1 · min−1) compared with that achieved in the GXT (68.6 ± 6.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.1–72.1 mL · kg−1 · min−1). Participants achieved a significantly higher VO2max in the SPVincline (70.6 ± 4.3 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 68.1–73.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1) than in either the GXT (P = .027, ES = 0.39) or SPVspeed (P = .001, ES = 0.76).Conclusions:The SPVspeed protocol produces VO2max values similar to those obtained in the GXT and may represent a more appropriate and athlete-friendly test that is more oriented toward the variable speed found in competitive sport.

The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis R. Mauger ◽  
Alan J. Metcalfe ◽  
Lee Taylor ◽  
Paul C. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise

The novel self-paced, cycle-based maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) test (SPV) has been shown to produce higher V̇O2max values than standard graded exercise test (GXT) protocols. This study sought to ascertain whether these observations would also be apparent in a self-paced, treadmill-based test design. Fourteen trained male runners performed a standard GXT on a motorised treadmill and a self-paced V̇O2max test on a nonmotorised treadmill in a counter-balanced design. The GXT included a plateau verification and was designed to last between 8 and 12 min. The self-paced test included 5 × 2 min stages and allowed participants to set their own running speed based on fixed increments in rating of perceived exertion. Significantly higher V̇O2max values (t[13] = 3.71, p = 0.003) were achieved in the self-paced test (64.4 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1) compared with the GXT (61.3 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1), and 13 of the 14 participants achieved the same or higher V̇O2max values in the self-paced test. Higher (p = 0.01) maximum heart rates were observed in the GXT (191 ± 10 beats·min−1 vs. 187 ± 7 beats·min−1), but no differences were observed in any other recorded variables. The self-paced V̇O2max test may provide a more valid means of measuring V̇O2max than the GXT and suggests that a V̇O2 plateau during a GXT does not always signify achievement of a definitive V̇O2max. These results provide further support that self-paced V̇O2max testing produces higher values for maximal oxygen uptake.

scholarly journals Prescribing 6-weeks of running training using parameters from a self-paced maximal oxygen uptake protocol

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Hogg ◽  
James G. Hopker ◽  
Sarah L. Coakley ◽  
Alexis R. Mauger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Uptake Test ◽  
Derived Data

Abstract Purpose The self-paced maximal oxygen uptake test (SPV) may offer effective training prescription metrics for athletes. This study aimed to examine whether SPV-derived data could be used for training prescription. Methods Twenty-four recreationally active male and female runners were randomly assigned between two training groups: (1) Standardised (STND) and (2) Self-Paced (S-P). Participants completed 4 running sessions a week using a global positioning system-enabled (GPS) watch: 2 × interval sessions; 1 × recovery run; and 1 × tempo run. STND had training prescribed via graded exercise test (GXT) data, whereas S-P had training prescribed via SPV data. In STND, intervals were prescribed as 6 × 60% of the time that velocity at $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max ($$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ v V ˙ O 2max ) could be maintained (Tmax). In S-P, intervals were prescribed as 7 × 120 s at the mean velocity of rating of perceived exertion 20 (vRPE20). Both groups used 1:2 work:recovery ratio. Maximal oxygen uptake ($$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max ), $$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ v V ˙ O 2max , Tmax, vRPE20, critical speed (CS), and lactate threshold (LT) were determined before and after the 6-week training. Results STND and S-P training significantly improved $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max by 4 ± 8 and 6 ± 6%, CS by 7 ± 7 and 3 ± 3%; LT by 5 ± 4% and 7 ± 8%, respectively (all P < .05), with no differences observed between groups. Conclusions Novel metrics obtained from the SPV can offer similar training prescription and improvement in $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max , CS and LT compared to training derived from a traditional GXT.

Seated Versus Standing Cycling in Competitive Road Cyclists: Uphill Climbing and Maximal Oxygen Uptake

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
David R. Bassett Jr. ◽  
Shane K. Best ◽  
Kenny R. Baker Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Road Cyclists

Seven competitive road cyclists (M ± SE = 23.7 ± 1.5 yr, 70.5 ± 1.7 kg) participated to determine the effects of cycling body position on physiological responses during uphill cycling and maximal oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. There was no significant difference in [Formula: see text] between seated and standing positions on a cycle ergometer (66.4 ± 1.6 vs. 66.4 ± 1.7 ml∙kg−1∙min−1). When the subjects rode their own bicycle on a treadmill, oxygen uptake and heart rate were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during standing when subjects bicycled at 20.0 km∙h−1 (4% grade), but no difference was observed when riding at 12.3 km−1 (10% grade). Leg RPE was significantly (p < 0.05) lower for standing position up a 10% grade. The results suggest that the standing position is less economical during moderate hill climbing, but during steep hill climbing, it results in a decreased sensation of effort in the legs. Key words: bicycling, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion

scholarly journals Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?

2017 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. E1-E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Batliner ◽  
Shalaya Kipp ◽  
Alena Grabowski ◽  
Rodger Kram ◽  
William Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Distance Running Performance ◽  
Elite Runners

AbstractRunning economy (oxygen uptake or metabolic rate for running at a submaximal speed) is one of the key determinants of distance running performance. Previous studies reported linear relationships between oxygen uptake or metabolic rate and speed, and an invariant cost of transport across speed. We quantified oxygen uptake, metabolic rate, and cost of transport in 10 average and 10 sub-elite runners. We increased treadmill speed by 0.45 m·s−1 from 1.78 m·s−1 (day 1) and 2.01 m·s−1 (day 2) during each subsequent 4-min stage until reaching a speed that elicited a rating of perceived exertion of 15. Average runners’ oxygen uptake and metabolic rate vs. speed relationships were best described by linear fits. In contrast, the sub-elite runners’ relationships were best described by increasing curvilinear fits. For the sub-elites, oxygen cost of transport and energy cost of transport increased by 12.8% and 9.6%, respectively, from 3.58 to 5.14 m·s−1. Our results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict metabolic rates at race pace for sub-elite competitive runners from data collected at moderate submaximal running speeds (2.68–3.58 m·s−1). To do so, metabolic rate should be measured at speeds that approach competitive race pace and curvilinear fits should be used for extrapolation to race pace.

Anaerobic Threshold Prediction Using the OMNI-Walk/Run Scale in Long-Distance Runners: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-730
Author(s):  
Yuri de Almeida Costa Campos ◽  
Jeferson M. Vianna ◽  
Miller P. Guimarães ◽  
Hiago L.R. Souza ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To identify the anaerobic threshold through the lactate threshold determined by Dmax and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) threshold by Dmax and to evaluate the agreement and correlation between lactate threshold determined by Dmax and RPE threshold by Dmax during an incremental test performed on the treadmill in long-distance runners. Methods: A total of 16 long-distance runners volunteered to participate in the study. Participants performed 2 treadmill incremental tests for the collection of blood lactate concentrations and RPE separated by a 48-hour interval. The incremental test started at 8 km·h−1, increasing by 1.2 km·h−1 every third minute until exhaustion. During each stage of the incremental test, there were pauses of 30 seconds for the collection of blood lactate concentration and RPE. Results: No significant difference was found between methods lactate threshold determined by Dmax and RPE threshold by Dmax methods (P = .664). In addition, a strong correlation (r = .91) and agreement through Bland–Altman plot analysis were found. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that it is possible to predict anaerobic threshold from the OMNI-walk/run scale curve through a single incremental test on the treadmill. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the reproducibility and objectivity of the OMNI-walk/run scale for anaerobic threshold determination.

scholarly journals Drafting’s Improvement of 3000-m Running Performance in Elite Athletes: Is It a Placebo Effect?

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassane Zouhal ◽  
Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman ◽  
Jacques Prioux ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Lotfi Bouguerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Trained Runners

Purpose:To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running.Methods:Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gasexchange system (K4B2). The 2nd and the 3rd tests consisted of nondrafting 3000-m running (3000-mND) and 3000-m running with drafting for the 1st 2000 m (3000-mD) performed on the track in a randomized counterbalanced order.Results:Performance during the 3000-mND (553.59 ± 22.15 s) was significantly slower (P < .05) than during the 3000-mD (544.74 ± 18.72 s). Cardiorespiratory responses were not significantly different between the trials. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < .05) after the 3000-mND (16.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L) than after the 3000-mD (13.2 ± 5.6 mmol/L). Athletes perceived the 3000-mND as more strenuous than the 3000-mD (P < .05) (RPE = 16.1 ± 0.8 vs 13.1 ± 1.3). Results demonstrate that drafting has a significant effect on performance in highly trained runners.Conclusion:This effect could not be explained by a reduced energy expenditure or cardiorespiratory effort as a result of drafting. This raises the possibility that drafting may aid running performance by both physiological and nonphysiological (ie, psychological) effects.

scholarly journals Heat Acclimation by Postexercise Hot-Water Immersion: Reduction of Thermal Strain During Morning and Afternoon Exercise-Heat Stress After Morning Hot-Water Immersion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zurawlew ◽  
Jessica A. Mee ◽  
Neil P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Purpose: Recommendations state that to acquire the greatest benefit from heat-acclimation, the clock time of heat-acclimation sessions should match that of expected exercise-heat stress. It remains unknown if adaptations by postexercise hot-water immersion (HWI) demonstrate time-of-day-dependent adaptations. Thus, the authors examined whether adaptations following postexercise HWI completed in the morning were present during morning and afternoon exercise-heat stress. Methods: Ten males completed an exercise-heat stress test commencing in the morning (9:45 AM) and afternoon (2:45 PM; 40 min; 65% of maximal oxygen uptake treadmill run) before and after heat-acclimation. The 6-d heat-acclimation intervention involved a daily 40-min treadmill run (65% of maximal oxygen uptake) in temperate conditions followed by ≤40-min HWI (40°C; 6:30–11:00 AM). Results: Adaptations by 6-d postexercise HWI in the morning were similar in the morning and afternoon. Reductions in resting rectal temperature (Tre) (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.27°C [0.23°C]; P = .002), Tre at sweating onset (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.31°C [0.25°C]; P = .001), and end-exercise Tre (AM −0.47°C [0.33°C], PM −0.43°C [0.29°C]; P = .001), heart rate (AM −14 [7] beats·min−1, PM −13 [6] beats·min−1; P < .01), rating of perceived exertion (P = .01), and thermal sensation (P = .005) were not different in the morning compared with the afternoon. Conclusion: Morning heat acclimation by postexercise HWI induced adaptations at rest and during exercise-heat stress in the morning and midafternoon.

No individual or combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal or maximal running

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Oskarsson ◽  
Kerry McGawley
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Beetroot Juice

Dietary supplements such as caffeine and beetroot juice are used by athletes in an attempt to optimize performance and therefore gain an advantage in competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal and maximal treadmill running. Seven males (maximal oxygen uptake: 59.0 ± 2.9 mL·kg–1·min–1) and 2 females (maximal oxygen uptake: 53.1 ± 11.4 mL·kg–1·min–1) performed a preliminary trial followed by 4 experimental test sessions. Each test session consisted of two 5-min submaximal running bouts (at ∼70% and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake) and a maximal 1-km time trial (TT) in a laboratory. Participants ingested 70 mL of concentrated beetroot juice containing either 7.3 mmol of nitrate (BR) or no nitrate (PBR) 2.5 h prior to each test session, then either caffeine (C) at 4.8 ± 0.4 (4.3–5.6) mg/kg of body mass or a caffeine placebo (PC) 45 min before each test session. The 4 test sessions (BR-C, BR-PC, PBR-C, and PBR-PC) were presented in a counterbalanced and double-blind manner. No significant differences were identified between the 4 interventions regarding relative oxygen uptake, running economy, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate (HR), or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the 2 submaximal intensities (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in performance, maximum HR, peak blood lactate concentration, or RPE during the maximal TT when comparing the interventions (P > 0.05). In conclusion, no beneficial effects of supplementing with typical doses of caffeine, beetroot juice, or a combination of the two were observed for physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during submaximal or maximal treadmill running exercise.

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake in people with cancer-related fatigue: a retrospective analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Twomey ◽  
Colin Lavigne ◽  
Tristan Martin ◽  
S. Nicole Culos-Reed ◽  
Guillaume Y. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise

Purpose: The measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake) using a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has several applications in oncology. A recent analysis reported that in people with cancer, the vast majority of CPETs are discontinued before the attainment of a plateau in oxygen uptake (V̇O2) or secondary criteria. The objective of this study was to describe the attainment of a V̇O2 plateau and secondary criteria from CPET in a sample of people with cancer-related fatigue.Methods: This was a retrospective and exploratory analysis of data from 51 participants who completed a CPET as part of baseline testing for a clinical trial. The CPETs were conducted in a single laboratory by the same lead experimenter, using a cycle ergometer, standard ramp protocol and breath-by-breath gas analysis. The incidence of a V̇O2 plateau was compared for ∆V̇O2 of ≤150 ml·min-1 and a more conservative ∆V̇O2 of ≤50 ml·min-1. Independent groups dichotomized using the latter criterion were compared, including for the attainment of common secondary criteria for heart rate, rating of perceived exertion and the respiratory exchange ratio.Results: A plateau in V̇O2 was observed in 100% of tests using a criterion of ∆V̇O2 ≤150 mL·min-1, and this was reduced to 57% using a more conservative criterion of ∆V̇O2 ≤50 mL·min-1. There were no differences in the attainment of secondary criteria (or any other variable) between groups dichotomized using observation of a V̇O2 plateau.Conclusion: The validity of classic plateau criteria (∆V̇O2 ≤150 mL·min-1) to verify V̇O2max in people diagnosed with cancer is questionable (100% attainment in the present study, 57% attainment with a more conservative definition of a V̇O2 plateau). Comparing our data with previous reports, we suggest that exercising maximally to elicit V̇O2max may be more tolerable in this population using a standard ramp protocol, recumbent cycle ergometer and facemask.

scholarly journals Can Trained Runners Effectively Attenuate Impact Acceleration During Repeated High-Intensity Running Bouts?

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
Adam C. Clansey ◽  
Mark J. Lake ◽  
Eric S. Wallace ◽  
Tom Feehally ◽  
Michael Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Impact Attenuation ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Impact Acceleration ◽  
Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged high-intensity running on impact accelerations in trained runners. Thirteen male distance runners completed two 20-minute treadmill runs at speeds corresponding to 95% of onset of blood lactate accumulation. Leg and head accelerations were collected for 20 s every fourth minute. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores were recorded during the third and last minute of each run. RPE responses increased (P < .001) from the start (11.8 ± 0.9, moderate intensity) of the first run to the end (17.7 ± 1.5, very hard) of the second run. Runners maintained their leg impact acceleration, impact attenuation, stride length, and stride frequency characteristics with prolonged run duration. However, a small (0.11–0.14g) but significant increase (P < .001) in head impact accelerations were observed at the end of both first and second runs. It was concluded that trained runners are able to control leg impact accelerations during sustained high-intensity running. Alongside the substantial increases in perceived exertion levels, running mechanics and frequency domain impact attenuation levels remained constant. This suggests that the present trained runners are able to cope from a mechanical perspective despite an increased physiological demand.

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