No individual or combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal or maximal running

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Oskarsson ◽  
Kerry McGawley
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Beetroot Juice

Dietary supplements such as caffeine and beetroot juice are used by athletes in an attempt to optimize performance and therefore gain an advantage in competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal and maximal treadmill running. Seven males (maximal oxygen uptake: 59.0 ± 2.9 mL·kg–1·min–1) and 2 females (maximal oxygen uptake: 53.1 ± 11.4 mL·kg–1·min–1) performed a preliminary trial followed by 4 experimental test sessions. Each test session consisted of two 5-min submaximal running bouts (at ∼70% and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake) and a maximal 1-km time trial (TT) in a laboratory. Participants ingested 70 mL of concentrated beetroot juice containing either 7.3 mmol of nitrate (BR) or no nitrate (PBR) 2.5 h prior to each test session, then either caffeine (C) at 4.8 ± 0.4 (4.3–5.6) mg/kg of body mass or a caffeine placebo (PC) 45 min before each test session. The 4 test sessions (BR-C, BR-PC, PBR-C, and PBR-PC) were presented in a counterbalanced and double-blind manner. No significant differences were identified between the 4 interventions regarding relative oxygen uptake, running economy, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate (HR), or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the 2 submaximal intensities (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in performance, maximum HR, peak blood lactate concentration, or RPE during the maximal TT when comparing the interventions (P > 0.05). In conclusion, no beneficial effects of supplementing with typical doses of caffeine, beetroot juice, or a combination of the two were observed for physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during submaximal or maximal treadmill running exercise.

The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis R. Mauger ◽  
Alan J. Metcalfe ◽  
Lee Taylor ◽  
Paul C. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise

The novel self-paced, cycle-based maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) test (SPV) has been shown to produce higher V̇O2max values than standard graded exercise test (GXT) protocols. This study sought to ascertain whether these observations would also be apparent in a self-paced, treadmill-based test design. Fourteen trained male runners performed a standard GXT on a motorised treadmill and a self-paced V̇O2max test on a nonmotorised treadmill in a counter-balanced design. The GXT included a plateau verification and was designed to last between 8 and 12 min. The self-paced test included 5 × 2 min stages and allowed participants to set their own running speed based on fixed increments in rating of perceived exertion. Significantly higher V̇O2max values (t[13] = 3.71, p = 0.003) were achieved in the self-paced test (64.4 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1) compared with the GXT (61.3 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1), and 13 of the 14 participants achieved the same or higher V̇O2max values in the self-paced test. Higher (p = 0.01) maximum heart rates were observed in the GXT (191 ± 10 beats·min−1 vs. 187 ± 7 beats·min−1), but no differences were observed in any other recorded variables. The self-paced V̇O2max test may provide a more valid means of measuring V̇O2max than the GXT and suggests that a V̇O2 plateau during a GXT does not always signify achievement of a definitive V̇O2max. These results provide further support that self-paced V̇O2max testing produces higher values for maximal oxygen uptake.

scholarly journals Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Andersson ◽  
Irina Hämberg ◽  
Paulo Cesar Do Nascimento Salvador ◽  
Kerry McGawley
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare physiological factors and cycle characteristics during cross-country (XC) roller-skiing at matched inclines and speeds using the double-poling (DP) and diagonal-stride (DS) sub-techniques in junior female and male XC skiers. Methods Twenty-three well-trained junior XC skiers (11 women, 12 men; age 18.2 ± 1.2 yr.) completed two treadmill roller-skiing tests in a randomized order using either DP or DS. The exercise protocols were identical and included a 5 min warm-up, 4 × 5 min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion, all performed at a 5° incline. Results No significant three-way interactions were observed between sex, submaximal exercise intensity, and sub-technique. For the pooled sample, higher values were observed for DP versus DS during submaximal exercise for the mean oxygen uptake kinetics response time (33%), energy cost (18%), heart rate (HR) (9%), blood lactate concentration (5.1 versus 2.1 mmol·L−1), rating of perceived exertion (12%), and cycle rate (25%), while cycle length was lower (19%) (all P < 0.001). During the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test, peak oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak), peak HR, and peak oxygen pulse were 8%, 2%, and 6% lower, respectively, for DP than DS, with a 29% shorter TTE during DP (pooled data, all P < 0.001). Conclusion In well-trained junior XC skiers, DP was found to exert a greater physiological load than DS during uphill XC roller-skiing at submaximal intensities. During the TTE test, both female and male athletes were able to ski for longer and reached markedly higher $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak values when using DS compared to DP.

scholarly journals Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?

2017 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. E1-E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Batliner ◽  
Shalaya Kipp ◽  
Alena Grabowski ◽  
Rodger Kram ◽  
William Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Distance Running Performance ◽  
Elite Runners

AbstractRunning economy (oxygen uptake or metabolic rate for running at a submaximal speed) is one of the key determinants of distance running performance. Previous studies reported linear relationships between oxygen uptake or metabolic rate and speed, and an invariant cost of transport across speed. We quantified oxygen uptake, metabolic rate, and cost of transport in 10 average and 10 sub-elite runners. We increased treadmill speed by 0.45 m·s−1 from 1.78 m·s−1 (day 1) and 2.01 m·s−1 (day 2) during each subsequent 4-min stage until reaching a speed that elicited a rating of perceived exertion of 15. Average runners’ oxygen uptake and metabolic rate vs. speed relationships were best described by linear fits. In contrast, the sub-elite runners’ relationships were best described by increasing curvilinear fits. For the sub-elites, oxygen cost of transport and energy cost of transport increased by 12.8% and 9.6%, respectively, from 3.58 to 5.14 m·s−1. Our results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict metabolic rates at race pace for sub-elite competitive runners from data collected at moderate submaximal running speeds (2.68–3.58 m·s−1). To do so, metabolic rate should be measured at speeds that approach competitive race pace and curvilinear fits should be used for extrapolation to race pace.

scholarly journals Prescribing 6-weeks of running training using parameters from a self-paced maximal oxygen uptake protocol

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Hogg ◽  
James G. Hopker ◽  
Sarah L. Coakley ◽  
Alexis R. Mauger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Uptake Test ◽  
Derived Data

Abstract Purpose The self-paced maximal oxygen uptake test (SPV) may offer effective training prescription metrics for athletes. This study aimed to examine whether SPV-derived data could be used for training prescription. Methods Twenty-four recreationally active male and female runners were randomly assigned between two training groups: (1) Standardised (STND) and (2) Self-Paced (S-P). Participants completed 4 running sessions a week using a global positioning system-enabled (GPS) watch: 2 × interval sessions; 1 × recovery run; and 1 × tempo run. STND had training prescribed via graded exercise test (GXT) data, whereas S-P had training prescribed via SPV data. In STND, intervals were prescribed as 6 × 60% of the time that velocity at $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max ($$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ v V ˙ O 2max ) could be maintained (Tmax). In S-P, intervals were prescribed as 7 × 120 s at the mean velocity of rating of perceived exertion 20 (vRPE20). Both groups used 1:2 work:recovery ratio. Maximal oxygen uptake ($$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max ), $$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ v V ˙ O 2max , Tmax, vRPE20, critical speed (CS), and lactate threshold (LT) were determined before and after the 6-week training. Results STND and S-P training significantly improved $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max by 4 ± 8 and 6 ± 6%, CS by 7 ± 7 and 3 ± 3%; LT by 5 ± 4% and 7 ± 8%, respectively (all P < .05), with no differences observed between groups. Conclusions Novel metrics obtained from the SPV can offer similar training prescription and improvement in $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max , CS and LT compared to training derived from a traditional GXT.

scholarly journals Heat Acclimation by Postexercise Hot-Water Immersion: Reduction of Thermal Strain During Morning and Afternoon Exercise-Heat Stress After Morning Hot-Water Immersion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zurawlew ◽  
Jessica A. Mee ◽  
Neil P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Purpose: Recommendations state that to acquire the greatest benefit from heat-acclimation, the clock time of heat-acclimation sessions should match that of expected exercise-heat stress. It remains unknown if adaptations by postexercise hot-water immersion (HWI) demonstrate time-of-day-dependent adaptations. Thus, the authors examined whether adaptations following postexercise HWI completed in the morning were present during morning and afternoon exercise-heat stress. Methods: Ten males completed an exercise-heat stress test commencing in the morning (9:45 AM) and afternoon (2:45 PM; 40 min; 65% of maximal oxygen uptake treadmill run) before and after heat-acclimation. The 6-d heat-acclimation intervention involved a daily 40-min treadmill run (65% of maximal oxygen uptake) in temperate conditions followed by ≤40-min HWI (40°C; 6:30–11:00 AM). Results: Adaptations by 6-d postexercise HWI in the morning were similar in the morning and afternoon. Reductions in resting rectal temperature (Tre) (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.27°C [0.23°C]; P = .002), Tre at sweating onset (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.31°C [0.25°C]; P = .001), and end-exercise Tre (AM −0.47°C [0.33°C], PM −0.43°C [0.29°C]; P = .001), heart rate (AM −14 [7] beats·min−1, PM −13 [6] beats·min−1; P < .01), rating of perceived exertion (P = .01), and thermal sensation (P = .005) were not different in the morning compared with the afternoon. Conclusion: Morning heat acclimation by postexercise HWI induced adaptations at rest and during exercise-heat stress in the morning and midafternoon.

scholarly journals Caffeine but not acetaminophen increases 4-km cycling time-trial performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano Tomazini ◽  
Ana Carla S. Mariano ◽  
Victor A. Andrade-Souza ◽  
Viviane C. Sebben ◽  
Carlos A. B. de Maria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time

AbstractAcetaminophen has been combined with caffeine for therapeutic purpose, but the effect of co-ingestion of acetaminophen and caffeine on exercise performance has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of isolated and combined ingestion of caffeine and acetaminophen on performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial. In a double-blind, crossover design, eleven men, accustomed to cycling recreationally, completed a 4-km cycling time-trial one hour after the ingestion of cellulose (PLA), acetaminophen (20 mg·kg−1body mass, ACT), caffeine (5 mg·kg−1body mass, CAF) or combined acetaminophen and caffeine (20 and 5 mg·kg−1body mass, respectively, ACTCAF). The perception of pain and rating of perceived exertion were recorded every 1-km, and electromyography and oxygen uptake were continually recorded and averaged each 1-km. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after the trial. The time and mean power during the 4-km cycling time-trial was significantly improved (P< 0.05) in CAF (407.9 ± 24.5 s, 241.4 ± 16.1 W) compared to PLA (416.1 ± 34.1 s, 234.1 ± 19.2 W) and ACT (416.2 ± 26.6 s, 235.8 ± 19.7 W). However, there was no difference between ACTCAF (411.6 ± 27.7 s, 238.7 ± 18.7 W) and the other conditions (P> 0.05). The perception of pain, rating of perceived exertion, electromyography, oxygen uptake, and plasma lactate were similar across the conditions (P> 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine but not acetaminophen increases power output ultimately increasing performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial.

The Self-Paced VO2max Test to Assess Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Highly Trained Runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Hogg ◽  
James G. Hopker ◽  
Alexis R. Mauger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Trained Runners

Purpose:The novel self-paced maximal-oxygen-uptake (VO2max) test (SPV) may be a more suitable alternative to traditional maximal tests for elite athletes due to the ability to self-regulate pace. This study aimed to examine whether the SPV can be administered on a motorized treadmill.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male distance runners performed a standard graded exercise test (GXT), an incline-based SPV (SPVincline), and a speed-based SPV (SPVspeed). The GXT included a plateau-verification stage. Both SPV protocols included 5 × 2-min stages (and a plateau-verification stage) and allowed for self-pacing based on fixed increments of rating of perceived exertion: 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20. The participants varied their speed and incline on the treadmill by moving between different marked zones in which the tester would then adjust the intensity.Results:There was no significant difference (P = .319, ES = 0.21) in the VO2max achieved in the SPVspeed (67.6 ± 3.6 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.6–69.7 mL · kg−1 · min−1) compared with that achieved in the GXT (68.6 ± 6.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.1–72.1 mL · kg−1 · min−1). Participants achieved a significantly higher VO2max in the SPVincline (70.6 ± 4.3 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 68.1–73.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1) than in either the GXT (P = .027, ES = 0.39) or SPVspeed (P = .001, ES = 0.76).Conclusions:The SPVspeed protocol produces VO2max values similar to those obtained in the GXT and may represent a more appropriate and athlete-friendly test that is more oriented toward the variable speed found in competitive sport.

scholarly journals Comparison of Acute Responses to Two Different Cycling Sprint Interval Exercise Protocols with Different Recovery Durations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Danek ◽  
Marcin Smolarek ◽  
Kamil Michalik ◽  
Marek Zatoń
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Acute Responses

Background: Knowledge of acute responses to different sprint interval exercise (SIE) helps to implement new training programs. The aim of this study was to compare the acute physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses to two different SIE cycling protocols with different recovery durations. Methods: Twelve healthy, active male participants took part in this study and completed four testing sessions in the laboratory separated by a minimum of 72h. Two SIE protocols were applied in randomized order: SIE6×10”/4’—six “all-out” repeated 10-s bouts, interspersed with 4-min recovery; and SIESERIES—two series of three “all-out” repeated 10-s bouts, separated by 30-s recovery and 18-min recovery between series. Protocols were matched for the total work time (1 min) and recovery (20 min). Results: In SIESERIES, peak oxygen uptake and peak heart rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05), without differences in peak blood lactate concentration and mean rating of perceived exertion compared to SIE6×10”/4’. There were no differences in peak power output, peak oxygen uptake and peak heart rate between both series in SIESERIES. Conclusions: Two series composed of three 10-s “all-out” bouts in SIESERIES protocol evoked higher cardiorespiratory responses, which can provide higher stimulus to improve aerobic fitness in regular training.

Repeated familiarisation with hypohydration attenuates the performance decrement caused by hypohydration during treadmill running

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Fleming ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Performance Decrement ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
The Eu

This study examined the effect of repeated familiarisation to hypohydration on hypohydrated exercise performance. After familiarisation with the exercise protocol, 10 recreationally active males completed a euhydrated (EU-pre) and hypohydrated (HYPO-pre) trial, which involved a 45-min steady state run at 75% peak oxygen uptake (45SS) followed by a 5-km time trial (TT). Euhydration and hypohydration were induced by manipulating fluid intake in the 24-h pre-exercise and during the 45SS. Subjects then completed 4 habituation sessions that involved replication of the HYPO-pre trial, except they completed 60 min of running at 75% peak oxygen uptake and no TT. Subjects then replicated the euhydrated (EU-post) and hypohydrated (HYPO-post) trials. Body mass loss pre-TT was 0.2 (0.2)% (EU-pre), 2.4 (0.3)% (HYPO-pre), 0.1 (0.1)% (EU-post), and 2.4 (0.3)% (HYPO-post). TT performance was 5.8 (2.4)% slower during the HYPO-pre trial (1459 (250) s) than during the EU-pre trial (1381 (237) s) (p < 0.01), but only 1.2 (1.6)% slower during the HYPO-post trial (1381 (200) s) than during the EU-post trial (1366 (211) s) (p = 0.064). TT performance was not different between EU-pre and EU-post trials, but was 5.1 (2.3)% faster during the HYPO-post trial than the HYPO-pre trial (p < 0.01). Heart rate was greater during HYPO trials than EU trials (p < 0.001), whilst rating of perceived exertion (RPE) response was similar to TT time and was lower in the HYPO-post trial than the HYPO-pre trial (p < 0.01). In conclusion, hypohydration impaired 5-km running performance in subjects unfamiliar with the hypohydration protocol, but 4 familiarisation sessions designed to habituate subjects with the hypohydration protocol attenuated the performance decrement, seemingly via an attenuation of RPE during hypohydrated exercise.

scholarly journals Running Economy and Blood Lactate Accumulation in Elite Football Players with High and Low Maximal Aerobic Power

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Nilsson ◽  
Daniele Cardinale
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Power Group ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation

Abstract The purpose was to determine running economy and lactate threshold among a selection of male elite football players with high and low aerobic power. Forty male elite football players from the highest Swedish division (“Allsvenskan”) participated in the study. In a test of running economy (RE) and blood lactate accumulation the participants ran four minutes each at 10, 12, 14, and 16 km•h−1 at horizontal level with one minute rest in between each four minutes interval. After the last sub-maximal speed level the participants got two minutes of rest before test of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Players that had a maximal oxygen uptake lower than the average for the total population of 57.0 mL O2•kg−1•minute−1 were assigned to the low aerobic power group (LAP) (n=17). The players that had a VO2max equal to or higher than 57.0 mL O2•kg−1•minute−1 were selected for the high aerobic power group (HAP) (n=23). The VO2max was significantly different between the HAP and LAP group. The average RE, measured as oxygen uptake at 12, 14 and 16km•h−1 was significantly lower but the blood lactate concentration was significantly higher at 14 and 16 km•h−1 for the LAP group compared with the HAP group.

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