Acute Effects of Static Active or Dynamic Active Stretching on Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Hamstring Muscle Damage

Objectives:To examine whether an acute bout of active or dynamic hamstring-stretching exercises would reduce the amount of muscle damage observed after a strenuous eccentric task and to determine whether the stretching protocols elicit similar responses.Design:A randomized controlled clinical trial.Methods:Thirty-six young male students performed 5 min of jogging as a warm-up and were allocated to 1 of 3 groups: 3 min of static active stretching (SAS), 3 min of dynamic active stretching (DAS), or control (CON). All subjects performed eccentric exercise immediately after stretching. Heart rate, core temperature, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, passive hip flexion, passive hamstring stiffness (PHS), plasma creatine kinase activity, and myoglobin were recorded at prestretching, at poststretching, and every day after the eccentric exercises for 5 d.Results:After stretching, the change in hip flexion was significantly higher in the SAS (5°) and DAS (10.8°) groups than in the CON (–4.1°) group. The change in PHS was significantly higher in the DAS (5.6%) group than in the CON (–5.7%) and SAS (–6.7%) groups. Furthermore, changes in muscle-damage markers were smaller in the SAS group than in the DAS and CON groups.Conclusions:Prior active stretching could be useful for attenuating the symptoms of muscle damage after eccentric exercise. SAS is recommended over DAS as a stretching protocol in terms of strength, hamstring range of motion, and damage markers.

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Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h10-042 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 534-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Renato Barroso ◽

Hamilton Roschel ◽

Carlos Ugrinowitsch ◽

Rubens Araújo ◽

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Full Extension ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Mixed Model Analysis ◽

Contraction Velocity ◽

Repeated Bout

Eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, but controversy exists concerning the effect of contraction velocity on the magnitude of muscle damage, and little is known about the effect of contraction velocity on the repeated-bout effect. This study examined slow (60°·s–1) and fast (180°·s–1) velocity eccentric exercises for changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following 3 exercise bouts that were performed every 2 weeks. Fifteen young men were divided into 2 groups based on the velocity of eccentric exercise: 7 in the Ecc60 (60°·s–1) group, and 8 in the Ecc180 (180°·s–1) group. The exercise consisted of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors at each velocity, in which the elbow joint was forcibly extended from 60° to 180° (full extension) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity before and for 4 days after the exercise were compared in the 2 groups using a mixed-model analysis (group × bout × time). No significant differences between groups were evident for changes in any variables following exercise bouts; however, the changes were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) after the second and third bouts than after the first bout. These results indicate that the contraction velocity does not influence muscle damage or the repeated-bout effect.

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Quercetin Supplementation Improves Neuromuscular Function Recovery from Muscle Damage

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2850

Author(s):

Ilenia Bazzucchi ◽

Federica Patrizio ◽

Roberta Ceci ◽

Guglielmo Duranti ◽

Stefania Sabatini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Neuromuscular Function ◽

Double Blind ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Velocity Relationship ◽

Force Velocity ◽

Exercise Induced

This study was aimed at investigating whether quercetin (Q) may improve the recovery of neuromuscular function and biochemical parameters in the 7 days following an eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Sixteen men (25.9 ± 3.3 y) ingested Q (1000 mg/day) or placebo (PLA) for 14 days following a double-blind crossover study design. A neuromuscular (NM) test was performed pre–post, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 7 days after an intense eccentric exercise. The force–velocity relationship of the elbow flexor muscles and their maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were recorded simultaneously to the electromyographic signals (EMG). Pain, joint angle, arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed. The results showed that Q supplementation significantly attenuated the strength loss compared to PLA. During the recovery, force–velocity relationship and mean fibers conduction velocity (MFCV) persisted significantly less when participants consumed PLA rather than Q, especially at the highest angular velocities (p < 0.02). A greater increase in biomarkers of damage was also evident in PLA with respect to Q. Q supplementation for 14 days seems able to ameliorate the recovery of eccentric exercise-induced weakness, neuromuscular function impairment and biochemical parameters increase probably due to its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action.

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Changes in Plasma Zinc Following High Force Eccentric Exercise

International Journal of Sport Nutrition ◽

10.1123/ijsn.2.2.175 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 175-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

Priscilla M. Clarkson

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Isometric Force ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Plasma Zinc ◽

Concentric Exercise ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Maximal Isometric Force

This study was done to determine whether eccentric exercise that causes muscle damage will produce an increase in plasma levels of zinc. Changes in total plasma zinc concentration (Zn) were examined following an eccentric and concentric exercise of the forearm flexors. Eight female subjects performed 24 maximal concentric actions (CON) with one arm and 10-14 days later performed 24 maximal eccentric actions (ECC) with the other arm. Maximal isometric force, elbow joint angles at a relaxed (RANG) and flexed position (FANG), muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured as indicators of muscle damage. Zn levels were determined at the same time as CK. Maximal isometric force, RANG, FANG, and muscle soreness showed large changes after ECC but little if any change after CON. CK increased significantly after ECC but did not change after CON. Neither ECC nor CON showed significant changes in Zn following exercise. If: is concluded that exercise-induced muscle damage does not appear to produce an increase in plasma zinc levels.

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The Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 205 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ilenia Bazzucchi ◽

Federica Patrizio ◽

Roberta Ceci ◽

Guglielmo Duranti ◽

Paolo Sgrò ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Simultaneous Recording ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Double Blind ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Velocity Relationship ◽

Force Velocity ◽

Exercise Induced

The aim of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that quercetin (Q) may prevent the strength loss and neuromuscular impairment associated with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Twelve young men (26.1 ± 3.1 years) ingested either Q (1000 mg/day) or placebo (PLA) for 14 days using a randomized, double-blind, crossover study design. Participants completed a comprehensive neuromuscular (NM) evaluation before, during and after an eccentric protocol able to induce a severe muscle damage (10 sets of 10 maximal lengthening contractions). The NM evaluation comprised maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and force–velocity relationship assessments with simultaneous recording of electromyographic signals (EMG) from the elbow flexor muscles. Soreness, resting arm angle, arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed. Q supplementation significantly increased the isometric strength recorded during MVIC compared to baseline (+4.7%, p < 0.05). Moreover, the torque and muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) decay recorded during the eccentric exercise was significant lower in Q compared to PLA. Immediately after the EEIMD, isometric strength, the force–velocity relationship and MFCV were significantly lower when participants were given PLA rather than Q. Fourteen days of Q supplementation seems able to attenuate the severity of muscle weakness caused by eccentric-induced myofibrillar disruption and sarcolemmal action potential propagation impairment.

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Effects of Transdermal Methylsulfonylmethane on Muscle Damage and Recovery Following Eccentric Exercise

Exercise Science ◽

10.15857/ksep.2021.30.2.158 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 158-166

Author(s):

Hyeon-deok Jo ◽

Choun-sub Kim ◽

Maeng-kyu Kim

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Random Order ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Transdermal Application ◽

Before And After ◽

Exercise Induced

PURPOSE:The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transdermal application of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on muscle damage and recovery following eccentric exercise in young men.METHODS: Eleven college-aged men without any cardiovascular or orthopedic disorders underwent two sessions consisting of a control session (CS) and an experimental session (ES) in a random order with at least 2 weeks of wash-out between the sessions. The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric exercises involving their non-dominant elbow flexors in each session. Circumference, muscle soreness, range of motion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and muscular echo intensity (EI) were measured to evaluate the changes in the level of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). All measurements were performed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise and also immediately before and after exercise.RESULTS:Transdermal application of MSM in ES attenuated muscle swelling and decreased MVIC after eccentric exercise when compared with CS. Muscle soreness and EI tended to increase less rapidly and decrease more rapidly in ES than in CS.CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal application of MSM may induce relatively positive effects on EIMD and recovery following eccentric exercise when compared with the treatment that has been widely used previously.

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Increase in blood bradykinin concentration after eccentric weight-training exercise in men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1197 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 1197-1201 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Charles Blais ◽

Albert Adam ◽

Denis Massicotte ◽

François Péronnet

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Kinase Activity ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Serum Creatine Kinase ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Rabbit Igg ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Male Subjects

The purpose of this study was to verify the possible appearance in the blood of bradykinin (BK) and des-Arg9-bradykinin (des-Arg9-BK) after eccentric exercise in 13 male subjects. Eccentric exercise (5 × 10 leg presses at 120% maximal voluntary concentric contraction) resulted in muscle damage and inflammation, as suggested by the significant increase in serum creatine kinase activity (from 204 ± 41 to 322 ± 63 U/l 12 h postexercise) and by severe lasting pain, which also peaked at 12 h postexercise. Blood BK and des-Arg9-BK concentrations were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassays using highly specific polyclonal rabbit IgG. Des-Arg9-BK concentration was not modified (preexercise: 44 ± 14 pmol/l; pooled postexercise: 47 ± 4 pmol/l). In contrast, BK concentration significantly increased immediately after the exercise session (68 ± 9 vs. 42 ± 3 pmol/l preexercise) and returned to basal values at 12, 24, and 48 h (pooled value: 40 ± 4 pmol/l). This observation suggests that the inflammatory process due to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage could be mediated in part by BK.

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The Effect of Passive Warm-Up After Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Damage

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000496277.74030.a5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 925

Author(s):

Meng Yu Chang ◽

Kuo-Wei Tseng ◽

Hui-mei Lin ◽

Yu-Hua Tseng ◽

Jen-Chun Lo

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Warm Up ◽

Exercise Induced

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The effects of acute alcohol consumption and eccentric muscle damage on neuromuscular function

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h11-137 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 63-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Matthew. J. Barnes ◽

Toby Mündel ◽

Stephen R. Stannard

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Alcoholic Beverage ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Neuromuscular Function ◽

Voluntary Activation ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Exercise Time ◽

Exercise Induced

Voluntary and electrically stimulated muscular performance was examined to identify the effects of acute alcohol consumption on neuromuscular function in the presence and absence of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). After initial neuromuscular performance measures were made, 12 subjects completed a bout of eccentric exercise (EX) using the quadriceps muscles of 1 leg while the remaining 11 subjects did not exercise (NX). Subjects then consumed either an alcoholic beverage containing 1 g·kg–1body weight (ALC) or a nonalcoholic beverage (OJ). On another occasion the contralateral leg of both groups was tested and those in the EX group performed an equivalent bout of eccentric exercise after which the other beverage was consumed. Measurements of neuromuscular function were made pre-exercise and 36 and 60 h post-beverage consumption. Creatine kinase (CK) was measured pre-exercise and at 12, 36, and 60 h. Significantly greater (p < 0.01) decrements in maximal voluntary isometric contraction were observed with EX ALC at 36 and 60 h compared with EX OJ, and no change was seen in the NX group. Significant decreases in voluntary activation were observed at 36 h (p = 0.003) and 60 h (p = 0.01) with EX ALC only. Elevations in CK were observed at all posteccentric exercise time points (all p < 0.05) under both EX OJ and ALC. No change in electromyography or low-frequency fatigue was observed under either treatment in either group. These results suggest that decreased neural drive appears to contribute to alcohol’s effect on the magnitude of EIMD-related decrements in voluntary force generation.

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