Comparison of Kinematic and Temporal Parameters between Different Pitch Velocity Groups

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Matsuo ◽  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Steven W. Barrentine ◽  
James R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation

This study investigated differences in kinematic and temporal parameters between two velocity groups of baseball pitchers. Data were collected from 127 healthy college and professional baseball pitchers. Those who threw faster than 1 SD above the sample mean (>38.0 m/s) were assigned to the high velocity group (n = 29), and those who threw slower than 1 SD below the sample mean (<34.2 m/s) were assigned to the low velocity group (n = 23). Twelve kinematic parameters and 9 temporal parameters were measured and analyzed. The pattern of lead knee movement was also investigated. Maximum shoulder external rotation, forward trunk tilt at the instant of ball release, and lead knee extension angular velocity at the instant of ball release were significantly greater in the high velocity group. Maximum lead knee flexion angular velocity was significantly greater in the low velocity group. Seventy percent of the high velocity group showed knee extension during the approach to ball release, whereas the low velocity group showed a variety of knee movement patterns involving less knee extension and more knee flexion. The greater shoulder external rotation in the high velocity group produced an increased range of motion during the acceleration phase.

scholarly journals The foot abduction characteristics following Steenbeek foot abduction brace

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 230949901668408
Author(s):  
Anil Agarwal ◽  
Anubrat Kumar ◽  
Madhusudan Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Tibial Rotation ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Knee Position ◽  
Hip Range Of Motion ◽  
Flexion And Extension

Purpose: We prospectively investigated the foot abduction characteristics following Steenbeek foot abduction brace (SFAB) use in corrected clubfeet. The foot abduction achievable in SFAB with knee flexion and extension was calculated to find the effectiveness and stretch exerted by it. Methods: Only children with corrected idiopathic clubfeet using SFAB for greater than 3 months were enrolled. The foot abduction with and without brace in knee extended and flexed positions was measured. Hip range of motion (ROM) with and without brace was also recorded. Results: The average age of 42 children ( 62 feet) was 24.25 months (range: 5–48 months). There was difference in foot abduction of 22.2° in knee extension and flexion with SFAB on. A significant change in foot stretch of 25.5° observed when the knee was moved from extended to flexed position indicated SFAB dynamicity. The SFAB was found to be an effective orthosis as it brought the corrected clubfoot into maximum abduction permissible in the foot during the phase of knee flexion. The tibial rotation accounted for a major component (61%) of apparent foot abduction with the brace on. A hip ROM of 52.2° was required for SFAB function. Conclusion: SFAB is a dynamic brace that functions better in flexed knee position. It is able to induce a near equivalent actual abduction available in the foot in flexed position of knee. There is a significant component of tibial external rotation in SFAB-induced foot abduction. SFAB function is also dependent on hip mechanics.

Differences Among Overhand, 3-Quarter, and Sidearm Pitching Biomechanics in Professional Baseball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
Jonathan S. Slowik ◽  
Alek Z. Diffendaffer ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Knee Height ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Analysis System

The purpose of this study was to assess biomechanical differences among overhand, 3-quarter, and sidearm arm slot professional baseball pitchers. It was hypothesized that kinematic and kinetic differences would be found among the 3 groups, with sidearm pitchers demonstrating greater movement along the transverse plane and overhead pitchers demonstrating greater movement along the sagittal plane. Based upon arm slot angle at ball release, 30 overhand, 156 three-quarter, and 21 sidearm pitchers were tested using a 240-Hz motion analysis system, and 37 kinematic and kinetic parameters were calculated. One-way analyses of variance (α = .01) was employed to assess differences among groups. The comparisons showed the sidearm group had less shoulder anterior force, whereas the overhand group had the least elbow flexion torque. At ball release, trunk contralateral tilt and shoulder abduction were greatest for the overhand group and least for sidearm group. Additionally, the sidearm group demonstrated the lowest peak knee height, most closed foot angle, greatest pelvis angular velocity, and shoulder external rotation. The overhand group had the greatest elbow flexion at foot contact and greatest trunk forward tilt at ball release. The greater elbow flexion torque and shoulder external rotation exhibited by sidearm pitchers may increase their risk of labral injury. Conversely, the lower shoulder anterior force in sidearm pitchers may indicate lower stress on shoulder joint capsule and rotator cuff.

scholarly journals Modifiable Mechanical Factors Associated with Increased Fastball Velocity

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0041
Author(s):  
Steven M. Andelman ◽  
Matthew J. Solomito ◽  
Carl W. Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Mechanical Factors

Objectives: The advent of motion and kinematic analysis of athletes during sport-specific activities has shed light on mechanical factors associated with improved athletic performance. This is especially true in baseball, where motion analysis has provided a nuanced understanding of the pitching motion. Previously, information from motion analysis has been used to identify risk factors for injury, such as to the medial elbow. However, there is less information regarding modifiable mechanical factors associated with increased performance that are safe and do not place the athlete at increased risk for injury. Identification of such variables would allow medical professionals to counsel pitchers on safe and effective ways to improve performance without risking injury. The goal of this study was to identify modifiable mechanical factors that were specific to pitchers throwing with above average fastball velocities. Methods: All participants were recruited from NCAA Division I and III collegiate baseball programs and all participants were currently pitching for their teams and had no history of injury in the preceding 6 months. Participants pitched from a 10-inch mound towards a target with a designated strike zone 60 feet 6 inches away. Each participant pitched the pitch types that they felt most comfortable pitching in a game setting, and pitches were thrown in random order to simulate a game setting. Motion data were collected at 250 Hz using a Vicon 512, 12-camera motion capture system (Vicon Motion Systems, Los Angeles, CA) using previously described methods. A single fastball pitch was randomly selected from each participant for analysis. The average ball velocity was used to place participants into either the ‘high velocity group’ (above average fastball velocity) or ‘low velocity group’ (below average ball velocity). A two-tailed unpaired t-test was performed to determine statistical significance of the variables measured during motion analysis to determine which mechanical differences between the two groups were associated with increased fastball velocity. Results: 99 pitchers (avg. age 19.9 +/- 1.4) were enrolled in the study. The average velocity was 70.2 miles per hour (range 49.1 - 80.9). There were 57participants in the high velocity group and 42 participants in the low velocity group. Variables that were statistically different between the two study groups are listed in Table 1. A The high fastball velocity group showed decreased glenohumeral coronal angle at ball release (more ‘side arm’), increased anterior thoracic tilt at ball release, increased anterior pelvic tilt at ball release, increased pelvic obliquity at maximum glenohumeral external rotation (pelvis tilting up towards throwing arm), increased hip abduction at lead foot contact, and increased knee flexion at lead foot contact. Conclusion: The results indicated a number of modifiable variables that were significantly different between the two study groups. Using this information pitchers can look to modify their pitching motion to improve their performance as defined as increased fastball velocity. This information also provides a foundation for future work to determine which of these performance variables are also associated with increased medial elbow stresses that could lead to an increased risk of injury. Using this data could then allow coaches to optimize training regiments to focus on improving performance while minimizing risk of injury. [Table: see text]

Electromyographic Analysis and Phase Definition of the Overhead Football Throw

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan T. Kelly ◽  
Sherry I. Backus ◽  
Russell F. Warren ◽  
Riley J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Electromyographic Analysis

Background The phases of the football throw need definition so that muscle activation patterns during the overhead football throw can be fully described. Hypothesis Electromyographic analysis of shoulder musculature can better define muscle activation patterns during the football throw. Study Design Descriptive anatomic study. Methods Videos of 20 elite-level quarterbacks were reviewed to define phases of the overhead football throw; 14 recreational male athletes underwent electromyography and motion analysis testing. Results Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently observed. Early cocking (49% ± 11% of throw) was initiated at rear foot plant and continued to maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation. Late cocking (20% ± 6%) started at maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation and ended with maximal shoulder external rotation. The acceleration phase (15% ± 4%) began with maximal shoulder external rotation and ended with ball release. Follow-through (16% ± 5%) was defined as the phase from ball release to maximal horizontal adduction (across the body). Conclusion The four phases demonstrated little variation in motion analysis and electromyographic activation between subjects and were associated with muscle activation patterns consistent with upper extremity movements. Clinical Relevance A clearer understanding of muscle activation patterns may help to explain patterns of muscle injury and improve rehabilitation protocols in football-throwing athletes.

scholarly journals Integration of High Velocity Elastic Band for Hamstring Training in Pre-Season Routine of Football Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (119) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Donatas Januševičius ◽  
Audrius Sniečkus ◽  
Mantas Mickevičius ◽  
Danguolė Satkunskienė ◽  
Pornpimol Muanjai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Sprint Running ◽  
Experimental Group

Background. A need for other methods of hamstring strengthening are thus warranted with the main aim of reducing the risk of injury during the subsequent intense athletic activities. The study aimed to examine changes in hamstring strength in response to high velocity elastic band training when incorporated into regular training routine of football players. Methods. Research participants were professional top level football players (age 23.1 ± 5.7 years; weight 77.2 ± 7.7 kg, training experience 14.1 ± 5.8 years). In the pre-season, in addition to their routine training, the experimental group performed hamstring curls at maximal intensity while lying prone three times per week for five weeks, while control group continued their routine training. Concentric knee torque at 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocities, countermovement jump height, 30m sprint running performance from standing and flying start, and knee flexion-extension movement frequency were measured before and after the 5 weeks of training. Results. Hamstring curl frequency during lying prone increase by 10.5 % (p < .05) in the experimental group and did not change in the control group. Peak torque for knee flexion and knee extension, jump height and sprint running performance did not change significantly in any group (p > .05). Conclusion. High velocity elastic band training incorporated into regular pre-season routine is beneficial for football players to increase their knee extension-flexion maximal movement frequency with no evident effects on strength, jump and sprint running performance. Results might be related with concurrent training during preparatory training phase of the pre-season when several physical capacities are being developed simultaneously. Keywords: high speed movements; peak torque; sprint performance; prevention of hamstring injuries; knee flexion strength.

The influence of shoulder abduction and external rotation on throwing arm kinetics in professional baseball pitchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 175857322110103
Author(s):  
Joseph E Manzi ◽  
Brittany Dowling ◽  
Nicolas Trauger ◽  
Michael C Fu ◽  
Benjamin R Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
3D Motion Analysis ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Distraction Force

Background The relationships between shoulder abduction and external rotation with peak kinetic values at the shoulder and elbow in professional baseball pitchers are not well established. Methods Professional pitchers ( n = 322) threw 8–12 fastballs under 3D motion analysis (480 Hz). Pitchers were stratified into quartiles by shoulder abduction and external rotation at distinct timepoints. Regression analyses were performed to quantify associations between shoulder position and kinetics. Results Shoulder abduction remained relatively consistent throughout the pitch (foot contact–ball release: 85.5 ± 11.1–90.7 ± 8.4°); shoulder external rotation increased dramatically (foot contact–ball release: 30.8 ± 24.6–165.2 ± 9.7°). For every 10° increase in maximum shoulder rotation, shoulder superior force increased by 2.3% body weight ( p < 0.01), shoulder distraction force increased by 5.9% body weight ( p < 0.01), and ball velocity increased by 0.60 m/s ( p < 0.01). Shoulder abduction was significantly associated with shoulder superior force at all timepoints but not with ball velocity ( p > 0.05). For every 10° increase in shoulder abduction at ball release, shoulder superior force increased by 3.7% body weight ( p < 0.01) and shoulder distraction force increased by 11.7% body weight ( p < 0.01). Conclusion Increased shoulder abduction at ball release and increased maximum shoulder external rotation were associated with greater superior and distraction forces in the shoulder. Pitchers can consider decreasing shoulder abduction at later stages of the pitch to around 80° in order to minimize shoulder superior force, with no impact on ball velocity.

Nerve graft versus nerve transfer for neonatal brachial plexus: shoulder outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Smith ◽  
Kate W. C. Chang ◽  
Sravanthi Koduri ◽  
Lynda J. S. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Nerve Transfer ◽  
Shoulder Function ◽  
Nerve Transfers ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transfer Strategies ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation

OBJECTIVEThe decision-making in neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) treatment continues to have many areas in need of clarification. Graft repair was the gold standard until the introduction of nerve transfer strategies. Currently, there is conflicting evidence regarding outcomes in patients with nerve grafts versus nerve transfers in relation to shoulder function. The objective of this study was to further define the outcomes for reconstruction strategies in NBPP with a specific focus on the shoulder.METHODSA cohort of patients with NBPP and surgical repairs from a single center were reviewed. Demographic and standard clinical data, including imaging and electrodiagnostics, were gathered from a clinical database. Clinical data from physical therapy evaluations, including active and passive range of motion, were examined. Statistical analysis was performed on the available data.RESULTSForty-five patients met the inclusion criteria for this study, 19 with graft repair and 26 with nerve transfers. There were no significant differences in demographics between the two groups. Understandably, there were no patients in the nerve grafting group with preganglionic lesions, resulting in a difference in lesion type between the cohorts. There were no differences in preoperative shoulder function between the cohorts. Both groups reached statistically significant improvements in shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction. The nerve transfer group experienced a significant improvement in shoulder external rotation, from −78° to −28° (p = 0.0001), whereas a significant difference was not reached in the graft group. When compared between groups, there appeared to be a trend favoring nerve transfer in shoulder external rotation, with the graft patients improving by 17° and the transfer patients improving by 49° (p = 0.07).CONCLUSIONSIn NBPP, patients with shoulder weakness experience statistically significant improvements in shoulder flexion and abduction after graft repair or nerve transfer, and patients with nerve transfers additionally experience significant improvement in external rotation. With regard to shoulder external rotation, there appear to be some data supporting the use of nerve transfers.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Kinematic Analysis of the Lower Limbs during the Chasse Step in Table Tennis Athletes

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Yang ◽  
Yuqi He ◽  
Shirui Shao ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Bíró István ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Internal Rotation

The chasse step is one of the most important footwork maneuvers used in table tennis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematic differences of table tennis athletes of different genders when using the chasse step. The 3D VICON motion analysis system was used to capture related kinematics data. The main finding of this study was that the step times for male athletes (MA) were shorter in the backward phase (BP) and significantly longer in the forward phase (FP) than for female athletes (FA) during the chasse step. Compared with FA, knee external rotation for MA was larger during the BP. MA showed a smaller knee flexion range of motion (ROM) in the BP and larger knee extension ROM in the FP. Moreover, hip flexion and adduction for MA were significantly greater than for FA. In the FP, the internal rotational velocity of the hip joint was significantly greater. MA showed larger hip internal rotation ROM in the FP but smaller hip external rotation ROM in the BP. The differences between genders can help coaches personalize their training programs and improve the performance of both male and female table tennis athletes.

scholarly journals Reliability of a New Portable Dynamometer for Assessing Hip and Lower Limb Strength

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3391
Author(s):  
Jan Marušič ◽  
Goran Marković ◽  
Nejc Šarabon
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Lower Limb Strength ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Maximal Peak

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-session reliability of the new, portable, and externally fixated dynamometer called MuscleBoard® for assessing the strength of hip and lower limb muscles. Hip abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, internal and external rotation, knee extension, ankle plantarflexion, and Nordic hamstring exercise strength were measured in three sessions (three sets of three repetitions for each test) on 24 healthy and recreationally active participants. Average and maximal value of normalized peak torque (Nm/kg) from three repetitions in each set and agonist:antagonist ratios (%) were statistically analyzed; the coefficient of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,k) were calculated to assess absolute and relative reliability, respectively. Overall, the results display high to excellent intra- and inter-session reliability with low to acceptable within-individual variation for average and maximal peak torques in all bilateral strength tests, while the reliability of unilateral strength tests was moderate to good. Our findings indicate that using the MuscleBoard® dynamometer can be a reliable device for assessing and monitoring bilateral and certain unilateral hip and lower limb muscle strength, while some unilateral strength tests require some refinement and more extensive familiarization.

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