Age-Related Loss of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power and Their Association With Mobility in Recreationally-Active Older Adults in the United Kingdom

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Maden-Wilkinson ◽  
Jamie S. McPhee ◽  
David A. Jones ◽  
Hans Degens
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Lower Velocity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Force Ratio

To investigate reasons for the age-related reduction in physical function, we determined the relationships between muscle size, strength, and power with 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and timed up-and-go performance in 49 young (23 ± 3.1 years) and 66 healthy, mobile older adults (72 ± 5 years). While muscle mass, determined by DXA and MRI, did not correlate with performance in the older adults, power per body mass, determined from a countermovement jump, did correlate. The 40% lower jumping power observed in older adults (p < .05) was due to a lower take-off velocity, which explained 34% and 42% of the variance in 6MWD in older women and men, respectively (p < .01). The lower velocity was partly attributable to the higher body mass to maximal force ratio, but most was due to a lower intrinsic muscle speed. While changes in muscle function explain part of the age-related reduction in functional performance, ~60% of the deficit remains to be explained.

Effects of a resistance training community programme in older adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Majid Mufaqam Syed-Abdul ◽  
Chrissa L. McClellan ◽  
Elizabeth J. Parks ◽  
Stephen D. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Resistance Training Programme

Abstract Ageing is associated with reduced muscle mass, strength, flexibility and balance, resulting in a poor quality of life (QOL). Past studies have occurred in highly controlled laboratory settings which provide strong support to determine whether similar gains can be made in community programmes. Twenty participants were enrolled in an eight-week community-based resistance training programme (mean age = 61.3 (standard error (SE) = 0.9) years); Body Mass Index = 32.0 (SE = 1.3) kg/m2). All participants completed surveys to assess outcomes associated with QOL. Given the relationship between muscle function and nerve health, nerve conduction studies (NCS) were also conducted in a separate group of participants (mean age = 64.9 (SE = 2.0) years; Body Mass Index = 32.6 (SE = 1.9) kg/m2). This community-based training programme significantly improved QOL measures in older adults (p < 0.001). Although weight loss was not the primary outcome of the study, participants reduced their body weights (p < 0.001), by primarily reducing fat mass (p = 0.007) while maintaining muscle mass. Significant improvements were observed in muscle strength (2.2%), flexibility and balance (3.2–464.2%, p ⩽ 0.05 for all). Improvements were also observed in plasma glucose (p = 0.05), haemoglobin A1C (p = 0.06) and aldolase enzyme levels (p < 0.001). Scores for surveys on memory and sleep improved (p < 0.05). Improved QOL was associated with increased lean mass (r = −0.714, p = 0.002), decreased fat mass (r = −0.702, p = 0.003) and improved flexibility and balance (r = −0.627, p = 0.008). An eight-week, community-based resistance training programme significantly improved QOL in older adults. Influence on the lipid profile and NCS still needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Molecular and Whole Muscle Function: Role of Fat Content?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
Joseph Gordon III ◽  
Nicholas Remillard ◽  
Chad Straight ◽  
Rajakumar Nagarajan ◽  
Bruce Damon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Type I ◽  
Contraction Velocity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Decreases in muscle size and function are a general consequence of old age; the precise mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that fat deposition in muscle may also contribute to dysfunction in older adults. Fat content was quantified in the quadriceps, and its effects on function in healthy young (21-45 y) and older (65-75 y) men and women (n=44) of comparable physical activity were compared. A subset of the young matched with the older group for muscle fat content were also examined. Peak fat-free whole muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA; cm2), volume (MV; cm3), fat content (fat fraction, FF; %), specific torque (Nm/mCSA) and peak contraction velocity (Nm∙s-1) were determined using fat-water magnetic resonance imaging and dynamometry (0-300□∙s-1). To examine potential molecular mechanisms of muscle weakness, vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained (n=31) and cross-bridge kinetics of type I and II fibers were determined. FF was higher in older adults than young (8.4±1.2% (SE), 7.6±1.4; p=0.03), while mCSA (48.9±10.4 vs. 64.2±17.3), MV (1536±532 vs. 2112±708), specific torque (2.6±0.4 vs. 3.2±0.4), and peak voluntary contraction velocity (422±20 vs. 441±23) were lower in older than young (p&lt;0.01). Type II fiber myosin attachment rate was slower and attachment time longer in older muscle (p&lt;0.017), providing a potential mechanism for the slowing of peak contraction velocity with age. Notably, differences at the whole muscle and molecular levels remained for the subset of young and older groups matched for FF, suggesting that fat deposition in muscle does not exacerbate age-related changes in function.

Modeling the blood lactate kinetics at maximal short-term exercise conditions in children, adolescents, and adults

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Beneke ◽  
Matthias Hütler ◽  
Marcus Jung ◽  
Renate M. Leithäuser
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wingate Anaerobic Test ◽  
Blood Compartment ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Anaerobic Test

Whether age-related differences in blood lactate concentrations (BLC) reflect specific BLC kinetics was analyzed in 15 prepubescent boys (age 12.0 ± 0.6 yr, height 1.54 ± 0.06 m, body mass 40.0 ± 5.2 kg), 12 adolescents (16.3 ± 0.7 yr, 1.83 ± 0.07 m, 68.2 ± 7.5 kg), and 12 adults (27.2 ± 4.5 yr, 1.83 ± 0.06 m, 81.6 ± 6.9 kg) by use of a biexponential four-parameter kinetics model under Wingate Anaerobic Test conditions. The model predicts the lactate generated in the extravasal compartment (A), invasion ( k1), and evasion ( k2) of lactate into and out of the blood compartment, the BLC maximum (BLCmax), and corresponding time (TBLCmax). BLCmax and TBLCmax were lower ( P < 0.05) in boys (BLCmax 10.2 ± 1.3 mmol/l, TBLCmax 4.1 ± 0.4 min) than in adolescents (12.7 ± 1.0 mmol/l, 5.5 ± 0.7 min) and adults (13.7 ± 1.4 mmol/l, 5.7 ± 1.1 min). No differences were found in A related to the muscle mass (AMM) and k1 between boys (AMM: 22.8 ± 2.7 mmol/l, k1: 0.865 ± 0.115 min−1), adolescents (22.7 ± 1.3 mmol/l, 0.692 ± 0.221 min−1), and adults (24.7 ± 2.8 mmol/l, 0.687 ± 0.287 min−1). The k2 was higher ( P < 0.01) in boys (2.87 10−2 ± 0.75 10−2 min−1) than in adolescents (2.03 × 10−2 ± 0.89 × 10−2 min−1) and adults (1.99 × 10−2 ± 0.93 × 10−2 min−1). Age-related differences in the BLC kinetics are unlikely to reflect differences in muscular lactate or lactate invasion but partly faster elimination out of the blood compartment.

scholarly journals Potential Benefits of a Minimal Dose Eccentric Resistance Training Paradigm to Combat Sarcopenia and Age-Related Muscle and Physical Function Deficits in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Harper ◽  
Brennan J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Training Paradigm ◽  
Exercise Participation ◽  
Minimal Dose ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function

The ability of older adults to perform activities of daily living is often limited by the ability to generate high mechanical outputs. Therefore, assessing and developing maximal neuromuscular capacity is essential for determining age-related risk for functional decline as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Interventions designed to enhance neuromuscular capacities underpinning maximal mechanical outputs could positively impact functional performance in daily life. Unfortunately, &lt; 10% of older adults meet the current resistance training guidelines. It has recently been proposed that a more “minimal dose” RT model may help engage a greater proportion of older adults, so that they may realize the benefits of RT. Eccentric exercise offers some promising qualities for such an approach due to its efficiency in overloading contractions that can induce substantial neuromuscular adaptations. When used in a minimal dose RT paradigm, eccentric-based RT may be a particularly promising approach for older adults that can efficiently improve muscle mass, strength, and functional performance. One approach that may lead to improved neuromuscular function capacities and overall health is through heightened exercise tolerance which would favor greater exercise participation in older adult populations. Therefore, our perspective article will discuss the implications of using a minimal dose, submaximal (i.e., low intensity) multi-joint eccentric resistance training paradigm as a potentially effective, and yet currently underutilized, means to efficiently improve neuromuscular capacities and function for older adults.

Age-related susceptibility to muscle damage following mechanotherapy in rats recovering from disuse atrophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary R Hettinger ◽  
Kyoko Hamagata ◽  
Amy L Confides ◽  
Marcus M Lawrence ◽  
Benjamin F Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Disuse Atrophy ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Transverse Stiffness ◽  
Age Related

Abstract The inability to fully recover lost muscle mass following periods of disuse atrophy predisposes older adults to lost independence and poor quality of life. We have previously shown that mechanotherapy at a moderate load (4.5 N) enhances muscle mass recovery following atrophy in adult, but not older adult rats. We propose that elevated transverse stiffness in aged muscle inhibits the growth response to mechanotherapy and hypothesize that a higher load (7.6 N) will overcome this resistance to mechanical stimuli. F344/BN adult and older adult male rats underwent 14-days of hindlimb suspension, followed by 7-days of recovery with (RE+M) or without (RE) mechanotherapy at 7.6 N on gastrocnemius muscle. The 7.6 N load was determined by measuring transverse passive stiffness and linearly scaling up from 4.5 N. No differences in protein turnover or mean fiber cross sectional area were observed between RE and RE+M for older adult rats or adult rats at 7.6 N. However, there was a higher number of small muscle fibers present in older adult, but not adult rats, which was explained by a 16-fold increase in the frequency of small fibers expressing embryonic myosin heavy chain. Elevated central nucleation, satellite cell abundance, and dystrophin -/laminin + fibers were present in older adult rats only following 7.6 N, while 4.5 N did not induce damage at either age. We conclude that age is an important variable when considering load used during mechanotherapy and age-related transverse stiffness may predispose older adults to damage during the recovery period following disuse atrophy.

scholarly journals AGE-BASED STEREOTYPE THREAT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PRIMING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR EFFECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S455-S456
Author(s):  
Francesco Vailati Riboni ◽  
Francesco Pagnini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Age-based stereotype threat (ABST) occurs when older adults are influenced by negative stereotypes about age-related decline and functional losses and ironically behave in disengaging and self-defeating ways that confirm the stereotype (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Aging stereotypes are found to be strong predictors of health and illness outcomes in later life, and are associated with performance in specific areas, mainly in cognitive and physical domains. The current study reviewed the experimental methods and their reported effects previously published in the literature to determine if there were different ABST methods were associated with different types of age-related outcomes. We conducted a systematic review, screening the scientific literature for papers that included experimental manipulation of age-related stereotypes as an independent variable, focusing on samples of older adults (1113 articles, most published after 2003). Through a classification of the common and distinctive characteristics of the different stereotype manipulation techniques, we were able to identify three specific types of experimental methods: by instruction, tests, and interpersonal exposure. Although the mechanism by which stereotypes are associated with functional outcomes in older adults remains unclear, our review suggests it is possible to experimentally control the activation of the stereotype by manipulating its specific characteristics and the way older participants are exposed to it. Findings also highlight the possibility that specific experimental methods used to induce ABST in older individuals may lead to unique and different consequences on functional performance variation.

The Effects of a Divided-Attention Timed Stepping Accuracy Task on Balance, Strength, Endurance, and Functional Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Leach ◽  
Joyce R. Maring ◽  
Ellen Costello
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Stepping Accuracy

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 6-week Divided-Attention Stepping Accuracy Task (DATSAT) intervention improved the primary outcome measure, maximal step length; other balance measures (Berg Balance scale and Timed Up and Go test); leg strength; endurance (6-min walk test); and functional tasks in 15 community-dwelling healthy older adults (age: 71.5 years, female: 46.7%) compared with 15 community-dwelling healthy older adults in a Bike and Strength (B&S) program (age: 73.8 years, female: 33.3%). Participants trained 3× per week, 30–60 min per session. Stepping-group differences were significant for all measures. B&S group improved in maximal step length (anterior and lateral), strength, and one functional task. Stepping group outperformed B&S group in Timed Up and Go and maximal step length posterior. B&S group outperformed stepping group in two strength measures. Exertion scores were lower for the stepping group. Overall, Divided-Attention Timed Stepping Accuracy Task training resulted in more within-group improvements and two between-group measures with less perceived effort and shorter intervention times.

scholarly journals Disseminating the Otago Exercise Program in the United States: Perceived and Actual Physical Performance Improvements From Participants

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany E. Shubert ◽  
Matthew Lee Smith ◽  
Luohua Jiang ◽  
Marcia G. Ory
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

The Otago Exercise Program (OEP) is an evidence-based fall prevention program disseminated internationally. Little is known about the implementation or effectiveness of the OEP in the United States. The purposes were to (a) identify characteristics of older adults enrolled in OEP, and (b) examine perceived and actual functional performance changes after participation in 8 weeks of the program. Baseline and 8-week functional and self-report data were collected on 210 older adults from 2013 to 2015. Linear mixed models and general estimating equations logistic regression models adjusted for socio-demographic factors were performed to assess changes. At 8 weeks, scores dramatically improved on self-report and physical performance tests: Timed Up-and-Go ( p < .001), 30-Second Chair Rise ( p < .001), and Four-Stage Balance ( p < .001). Findings support that participation in the U.S. OEP as part of a plan of care can result in significant improvements in objective functional mobility, balance measures, and self-reported ability.

Prevalence of low muscle mass according to body mass index in older adults

Nutrition ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe E. Graf ◽  
Claude Pichard ◽  
François R. Herrmann ◽  
Cornel C. Sieber ◽  
Dina Zekry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass

scholarly journals Sarcopenic Obesity and Cognitive Functioning: The Mediating Roles of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Levine ◽  
E. M. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the influence of insulin resistance and inflammation on the association between body composition and cognitive performance in older adults, aged 60–69 and aged 70 and older. Subjects included 1127 adults from NHANES 1999–2002. Body composition was categorized based on measurements of muscle mass and waist circumference as sarcopenic nonobese, nonsarcopenic obese, sarcopenic obese, and normal. Using OLS regression models, our findings suggest body composition is not associated with cognitive functioning in adults ages 60–69; however, for adults aged 70 and over, sarcopenia and obesity, either independently or concurrently, were associated with worse cognitive functioning relative to non-sarcopenic non-obese older adults. Furthermore, insulin resistance accounted for a significant proportion of the relationship between cognitive performance and obesity, with or without sarcopenia. Additionally, although high CRP was significantly associated with poorer cognitive functioning in adults ages 60–69, it did not influence the association between body composition and cognitive performance. This study provides evidence that age-related physiological maladaptations, such as metabolic deregulation, which are associated with abdominal fat, may simultaneously contribute to lower cognition and muscle mass, reflecting a degradation of multiple physiological systems.

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