Senior Olympians’ Achievement Goals and Motivational Responses

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Newton ◽  
Mary D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Know How ◽  
Perspective Theory ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
Senior Athletes

The purpose of this study was of examine the motivational perspectives of athletes participating in the Senior Olympic Games. One hundred thirty-seven senior athletes (54 males. 82 females, and 1 nonidentifier) completed measures of goal orientations, beliefs about the causes of success in sport, intrinsic motivation, and views about the purpose of sport. Multivariate analysis revealed a positive association between task orientation and intrinsic motivation, the belief that success in sport is achieved through hard work, and self-improvement-based purposes of sport. In contrast, ego orientation was associated with the belief that success in sport is achieved by those who are gifted with natural ability and who know how to maximize external and deceptive factors. Further, ego orientation was linked to the belief that the purpose of sport was for personal gain. The motivational implications of the present findings are discussed based on the tenets of goal perspective theory.

The Relationship between Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success, and Trait Anxiety among High School, Intercollegiate, and Recreational Sport Participants

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally A. White ◽  
Scott R. Zellner
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Recreational Sport ◽  
College Age ◽  
Perspective Theory ◽  
Ego Orientation

Goal perspective theory assumes that personal goals serve as organizing principles, influencing the meaning of activities and how individuals respond to achievement experiences (Nicholls, 1989). This study examined the link between an individual’s personal goals, wider views about how sport operates, and trait anxiety level prior to or during competition. This investigation also determined the relation of gender and sport group to goal orientations, beliefs about the causes of success in sport, and multidimensional trait anxiety among sport participants. The sample consisted of 251 male and female high school, intercollegiate, and college-age recreational sport participants who completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992), the 21-item Beliefs About the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire (BACSSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992), and the 21-item Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS; Smith, Smoll, & Schultz, 1990). Canonical correlation analysis revealed that sport participants higher in ego orientation than task orientation were more likely to experience concentration disruption prior to or during performance and believed that taking an illegal advantage, such as blood doping, would lead to success in sport. In general, women were more task oriented than men, and reported worrying and being somatically anxious prior to or during competition. Overall, high school athletes were more ego oriented than intercollegiate athletes. College-age recreational males were more apt than intercollegiate males and high school females to equate effort as the way to success in sport. Further, high school male athletes were more apt than intercollegiate males and all the female athletic groups to believe using an illegal advantage, such as performance-enhancing drugs, would lead to success in sport.

Moral Functioning in Sport: An Achievement Goal Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kavussanu ◽  
Glyn C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Moral Functioning ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
And Behavior

This study examined the role of achievement goals on indices of moral functioning (i.e., moral judgment, intention and behavior), unsportsmanlike attitudes, and judgments about the legitimacy of intentionally injurious acts in college basketball players. Male (n = 56) and female (n = 143) athletes completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned variables. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences according to gender on the variables of interest. Specifically, male athletes reported higher ego orientation, lower task orientation, lower levels of moral functioning, and greater approval of unsportsmanlike behaviors, and they were more likely than females to judge injurious acts as legitimate. For the female sample, canonical correlation analysis indicated the presence of a significant but weak relationship between goal orientations and the set of moral variables. Higher ego orientation was related to lower levels of the judgment and intention indices of moral functioning and greater acceptance of intentionally injurious acts. Although this relationship was significant, the strength of the association between the two sets of variables accounted for only 9% of the variance in the set of moral variables.

scholarly journals Self-Determination and Goal Orientation in Track and Field

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngien-Siong Chin ◽  
Selina Khoo ◽  
Wah-Yun Low
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ego Orientation

Self-Determination and Goal Orientation in Track and FieldThis study investigated gender, age group and locality differences in adolescent athletes' self-determination motivation and goal orientations in track and field. It also examined the relationship between the self-determination theory and achievement goal theory. A total of 632 (349 boys, 283 girls) adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) completed the Sports Motivation Scale and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Results indicated significant differences between gender on intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation (t(630) = 4.10, p < 0.05) and ego orientation (t(630) = 2.48, p < 0.05). Male students reported higher intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation and ego orientation. A significant difference was found between age groups on task orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05) and locality on ego orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05). Older athletes showed significantly higher task orientation. Rural athletes had higher ego orientation whereas urban athletes have higher intrinsic motivation. Task orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), but weakly related to amotivation (r = 0.10, p < 0.01). Ego orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) and amotivaion (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Task orientation was related to ego orientation (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation accounted for 30.5% of the variances in task orientation.

Modeling the Relation of Goal Orientations to Achievement-Related Affect in Physical Education: Does Perceived Ability Matter?

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Symeon Vlachopoulos ◽  
Stuart J.H. Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Achievement Goal Orientations ◽  
Ability Group ◽  
Perceived Ability ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Ego Orientation

This study investigated likely determinants of achievement-related affect in physical education. In particular, interrelationships were examined between achievement goal orientations, success perceptions, personally controllable attributions, and achievement-related affect based on data collected from 1,070 British students aged 11-16 years. A positive association emerged between task orientation and success perception, but not between ego orientation and success perception. In addition, perceived success positively influenced personally controllable attributions and positive affect, but had no effect on negative emotion. Furthermore, personally controllable attributions augmented positive emotion and minimized negative affect. Perceived ability moderated the relation between ego orientation and personally controllable attributions. Hence, under the low perceived ability condition, ego orientation was associated with personally uncontrollable attributions, but the opposite was true for the high perceived ability group. An enhancement of both task orientation and perceived athletic competence is needed for adolescents to derive positive affective experiences from physical education.

Goal Orientations, Perceptions of Aggression, and Sportspersonship in Elite Male Youth Ice Hockey Players

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G.H. Dunn ◽  
Janice Causgrove Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Goal Theory ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Ego Orientation

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between goal orientations, perceptions of athletic aggression, and sportspersonship among elite male youth ice hockey players (M age = 13.08 years). Athletes (N = 171) completed questionnaires to assess their goal orientations, attitudes toward directing aggressive behaviors during competition, and non-aggression-related sportspersonship. In accordance with Vallerand, Deshaies, Cuerrier, Brière, and Pelletier (1996), sportspersonship was conceptualized as a five-dimensional construct. Multiple regression analyses revealed that high ego-oriented athletes were more inclined to approve of aggressive behaviors than those with low ego orientation. Players with higher levels of task orientation (rather than low task orientation) had higher sportspersonship levels on three dimensions. An analysis of goal orientation patterns revealed that regardless of ego orientation, low (compared to high) task orientation was more motivationally detrimental to several sportspersonship dimensions. The practical implications of these results are discussed in the context of Nicholls’s (1989) achievement goal theory.

Relations of Goal Orientations and Expectations on Multidimensional State Anxiety

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Newton ◽  
Joan Duda
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Perspective Theory ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tennis Skills

This study examined the relationships among task and ego orientation, expectations for success, and multidimensional state anxiety in a competitive sport situation. Subjects ( N = 107) enrolled in a tennis skills class were gender- and ability-matched and asked to play an eight game pro-set. One week prior to the match goal orientations were assessed. Immediately prior to competition multidimensional state anxiety and performance expectations were measured. Multiple regression analyses predicting multidimensional state anxiety revealed that somatic and cognitive state anxiety were only predicted by performance expectations. Also, lower ego orientation and positive match expectations were predictive of state self-confidence. Results are interpreted in light of goal perspective theory.

scholarly journals The role of dispositional factors achievement goals and volition in the formation of athletic identity people with physical disability

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ioannis Proios
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Dispositional Factors

Introduction: According to cognitive identity theory internal components can be likely to influence athletic identity formation. The purpose of the present study was to examine relationship between athletic identity of people with physical disabilities and goal perspectives (task and ego) and volitional competences (persistence, purposefulness and expedience). Material and methods: The participants were 134 people with physical disability (n=103 men, and n=31 women). Their age ranging from 14 to 67 years (M=34.98, SD=10.59). All participants participated in physical activities (competitive and recreational). The subjects filled in three questionnaires: Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Measure Athletes’ Volition – Short (MAV-S). Results: The results revealed that goal orientations and volitional competencies can be predictors of athletic identity dimensions for people with disabilities participating in physical activities. In addition, they suggested that task orientation predicts the three identities (social β=0.43, exclusivity β=0.31 and negative affectivity β=0.38), purposefulness competence predicts two identities (social β=0.34 and exclusivity β=0.30), while persistence competence predicts the negative affectivity identity (β=0.49). Conclusions: In conclusion, dispositional factors achievement goals and volitional competencies can be predicting the athletic identity dimensions.

Orthogonality of Achievement Goals and Its Relationship to Beliefs about Success and Satisfaction in Sport

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn C. Roberts ◽  
Darren C. Treasure ◽  
Maria Kavussanu
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Achievement Goal Orientations ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Research Task ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined the relationship between dispositional achievement goal orientations and satisfaction and beliefs about success in sport. Participants were 333 students who were administered the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) (Roberts & Balague, 1989,1991; Roberts, Treasure, & Balague, 1995), Beliefs about Success, and Satisfaction/Interest/Boredom Questionnaires (Duda & Nicholls, 1992). Consistent with theory (Nicholls, 1984, 1989) and previous research, task and ego goal orientations were found to be orthogonal. Following an extreme group split of the task and ego subscales of the POSQ, results of a 2 X 2 (High/Low Ego; High/Low Task) multivariate analyses of variance revealed a significant interaction effect between task and ego orientation. Specifically, participants high in ego and low in task orientation believed effort to be less a cause of success while high tasMow ego-oriented individuals were the least likely to attribute success to external factors. The findings are discussed in terms of their motivational implications for athletes.

scholarly journals A Cross-Cultural Extension of Goal Perspective Theory to Korean Youth Sport

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoung Jun Kim ◽  
Diane L. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Perspective Theory ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
Korean Youth ◽  
Cultural Extension

This study examined the predictions of goal perspective theory within Korean youth sport. Middle-school-aged athletes (244 males and 90 females) completed the Korean versions of Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Both task and ego orientations were positively correlated with intrinsic motivation. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that overall fit for the modified versions of the TEOSQ (10 items) and the IMI (13 items) were marginal. Gender × Grade (2 × 3) MANOVAs revealed that males were higher than females on two dimensions of intrinsic motivation (perceived competence and effort/importance). Canonical correlation analyses indicated that both task and ego orientation scores corresponded to the dimensions of the IMI. These findings are discussed in terms of cross-cultural generality and cultural specificity of the goal perspective theory.

Prediction of Goal Orientation and Perceived Competence on Intensity and Direction of Precompetitive Anxiety among Adolescent Handball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Huang Li ◽  
Likang Chi
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on intensity and direction of the symptoms of precompetitive cognitive and somatic anxiety. 109 handball players from 16 high school teams ( M = 16.2 yr., SD = 1.5) participated. All were asked to complete the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Questionnaire, and a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Using separated multiple hierarchical regression analyses, direction of the symptoms of precompetitive somatic anxiety was predicted by perceived competence and interaction of ego orientation x perceived competence. Perceived competence and the interaction of ego orientation x task orientation x perceived competence were significant predictors of direction of the symptoms of precompetitive cognitive anxiety. The results suggest that perceptions of competence and task orientation moderate the relationship between ego orientation and direction of the symptoms of precompetitive anxiety.

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