Sex Differences in the Aspects of Team Sport Participation Viewed as Enjoyable

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cacioppo ◽  
Charlotte A. Lowell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sport Competition

Eight situations dealing with team sports were described to 63 male and 63 female undergraduates. Each situation depicted a team competition involving same-sex members, and subjects were told specifically about the affiliation, acquaintance, and skill of one of the participants. Subjects indicated how enjoyable they viewed each of the eight sports situations, how many years they had participated in team sports, and how much experience they had in team sport competition. The results suggested that men and women similarly enjoyed aspects of team sport participation that improved their chances of winning and interacting cooperatively with friends, but men seemed to enjoy the ego-challenging aspects of team sports more than women.

Cultural and Sex Differences in Rating the Self and an Hypothetical Well-Adjusted Person on Jack's Divided Self and Care as Self-Sacrifice Subscales

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koutrelakos ◽  
A. J. Baranchik ◽  
N. Damato
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Usa

Ratings of the self and of an hypothetical well-adjusted man and woman on the Divided Self and Care as Self-sacrifice subscales of the Silencing the Self Scale were obtained for samples of men and women in the USA and Greece. Factor analysis confirmed the items' assignment to subscales for each of the three sets of ratings. Generally, Greeks scored higher than Americans on both subscales. While men usually scored higher than women on the Care subscale in both countries, they only did so in Greece for the Divided Self. Women had greater discrepancies than men between their self and well-adjusted same-sex rating on both subscales in each country, with this sex difference being greater in Greece than the USA and greater on the Care subscale in both countries.

Field Dependence-Independence of Male and Female Spanish Athletes

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose E. Caño ◽  
Sara Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures

We examined the field dependence-independence of Spanish athletes, 293 men and women (aged 18 to 23 years) active in individual and team sports, and nonathletes. Subjects were tested on the Group Embedded Figures Test. Analysis indicated that men active in team sports were more field-dependent than those non-involved in sports, and that team-sport women exhibited a higher field-dependence than individual-sport athletes or nonathletes of both sexes. Our data reflect a significant interaction between type of sport and sex.

Mediation and moderation in ratings of hostile jokes by men and women

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent H. Abel ◽  
Jason Flick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Moderation Effects ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Mediation And Moderation

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to examine sex differences in enjoyment of hostile jokes targeting men and women with a focus on examining mediation effects of masculinity and femininity and moderation effects of the jokes' offensiveness. These studies continued to support men and women enjoying jokes targeting the opposite sex more so than jokes targeting the same sex. However, in Study 1, masculinity and femininity mediated these differences for men with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female hostile jokes and higher femininity related to greater enjoyment of the male hostile jokes. Masculinity alone mediated the differences for women with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female-targeted jokes and yet, no relationship existed with femininity. In Study 2, both men and women rated the female-targeted jokes as more offensive than the male-targeted jokes. A moderation effect for the jokes' offensiveness occurred for women who rated highly offensive male-targeted jokes funnier than highly offensive female-targeted jokes. No effect for offensiveness occurred for men; men rated both offensive female-targeted and male-targeted jokes equally funny even though they rated the female jokes as more offensive.

Midlife Friendships in an American Faculty Sample

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1127-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Fiebert ◽  
Kimberly S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Form Analysis ◽  
American Sample ◽  
Description Form

This study explored midlife same-sex friendship patterns in an American sample of married faculty members. of particular interest were perceived changes in friendship behavior from young adulthood to midlife and sex differences in friendship interactions. 14 men and 14 women between the ages of 40 and 55 yr. provided responses in a structured interview and completed a comprehensive friendship survey, the Acquaintance Description Form. Analysis showed that while both men and women spend less time now with their close friends than they did formerly, the strength of relationship and expressed self-disclosure were perceived to increase with time. Women, compared to men, reported relating more intimately with their friends and rated their current friendships as more important to them than did men. The durations of men's friendships, both currently and retrospectively, were longer than women's.

Associations of Sex and Type of Relationship on Intimacy

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1322-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Salas ◽  
Kay E. Ketzenberger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women

Sex differences in self-perceived intimacy were investigated in both same-sex friendships and romantic relationships. Men and women had significantly different means on intimacy with their same-sex friends but reported similar means with romantic partners. Both men and women reported significantly higher mean scores on intimacy with romantic partners than with friends.

Sex Differences, Dominance, and Physical Attractiveness in the Use of Nonverbal Emblems

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy H. Poling
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Frequency Count ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Dominance ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Female Subjects

40 male and 40 female subjects were selected according to high and low levels of dominance and physical attractiveness. Each subject was assigned to a male or female interviewer who verbally administered a 3-min. biographical questionnaire while an observer made a frequency count of the nonverbal emblems used by the subjects. In general, female subjects expressed more emblems than males and subjects of high dominance expressed more emblems than low dominant subjects. Findings were qualified by the following: highly attractive women used more emblems than did women of low attractiveness or men, use of emblems did not differ as a function of attractiveness for men, in same-sex dyads use of emblems did not differ as a function of dominance but in cross-sex dyads highly dominant men and women showed more use than did men and women low in dominance.

Differences between men and women in age preferences for a same-sex partner

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Over ◽  
Gabriel Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Advertisements ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Data Call ◽  
Sex Partner

We show through analysis of personal advertisements that age preferences for a homosexual or lesbian partner are similar to differences found between men and women in age preferences for a opposite-sex partner. Such data call into question the claim by Kenrick & Keefe (1992) that the sex differences in age selectivity in mate selection are governed by reproductive strategies.

Blabbermouths and Clams: Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendship Dyads

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mayer Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Class Origin

Self-disclosure involves the two related dimensions of intimacy and power. It may be rewarding or costly to both confider and confidant. Although previous research has indicated that women are more self-disclosing than men, in the study reported here sex differences in self-disclosure are negligible in same-sex friendships. In cross-sex friendships, however, more men are confiding than women. Further, in female-male dyads men tend to hide their weaknesses and women to conceal their strengths. In such friendships, also, both men and women of working class origin are more prone to self-revelation than middle class respondents. Surprisingly, the correlation between feelings of closeness and self-disclosure is far from perfect in friendly (as opposed to stranger-like) relationships. Research on personal assessments of risks versus rewards in self-disclosure is needed.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

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