The Development of an Instrument to Assess Cohesion in Sport Teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Carron ◽  
W.N. Widmeyer ◽  
L.R. Brawley
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Oblique Rotation ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Group Integration ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire

The purpose of this paper was fourfold. The first purpose was to demonstrate the need to develop an instrument to assess group cohesion while the second was to outline a conceptual model of group cohesion upon which such an instrument could be based. This model reflected four related constructs which were the a priori basis for developing a large item pool and initial versions of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). The third purpose was to outline the four projects conducted to obtain construct-related information and to develop an initial version of the GEQ. The final purpose was to outline the two reliability and validity studies conducted with two different sport team samples. The results of these studies revealed that an 18-item version of the GEQ was internally consistent, reliable across studies, and content valid. Factor analyses with oblique rotation revealed preliminary evidence for construct validity. The GEQ is comprised of four scales reflecting the constructs of group integration-task, group integration-social, individual attractions to group-task, and individual attractions to group-social.

The Effect of Group Cohesion on Competitive State Anxiety

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Prapavessis ◽  
Albert V. Carron
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Task Cohesion ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
State Responses

One purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cohesion and competitive state anxiety (A-state). If a cohesion-competition A-state relationship was obtained, the second purpose was to determine whether the perceived psychological benefits and/or psychological costs of cohesiveness mediate that relationship. In order to examine these issues, a sample of interactive sport-team athletes (N = 110) completed the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985) and items related to the perceived psychological benefits and costs of membership in cohesive groups. In addition, athletes completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 (CSAI-2; Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990) prior to competition. Results showed that cohesion was related to A-state responses (p < .004). Specifically, individuals holding higher perceptions of task cohesion reported less cognitive A-state. Results also showed that psychological costs associated with membership on cohesive teams mediates the cohesion–A-state relationship.

Internal Consistency of the Group Environment Questionnaire Modified for An Exercise Setting

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
Kevin S. Spink
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Group Integration ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire ◽  
Exercise Classes

The Group Environment Questionnaire—an instrument used to assess cohesiveness in sport teams since 1985—has been modified and used in fitness classes. The purpose of the study was to assess whether the internal consistency values of the modified version are similar to those reported for sport teams. For two samples of participants in exercise classes, the Cronbach alphas for the Attractions to Group Task and Social subtests and for Group Integration Task and Social subtests were .78, .61, .71, and .78 ( n = 290) and .77, .62, .71, and .77 ( n = 198), respectively. These values are highly similar to those reported for the original version.

scholarly journals Questionnaire sur l’Ambiance du Groupe: A French-Language Instrument for Measuring Group Cohesion

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Heuzé ◽  
Paul Fontayne
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
French Language ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Psychometric Analyses ◽  
French Culture ◽  
Sport Teams

The present report provides a summary of five studies undertaken to develop a French-language instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams—the “Questionnaire sur l’Ambiance du Groupe” (QAG). For the initial version of the instrument, the Group Environment Questionnaire (Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985) was translated into French using the protocol outlined by Vallerand (1989). However, psychometric analyses undertaken in Studies 1, 2, and 3 failed to yield acceptable evidence of construct validity. Items were then revised in an attempt to make them more suitable for the French culture. Subsequent analyses in Study 4 provided support for the construct validity and reliability (internal consistency and interscale equivalence) of the QAG. In Study 5, predictive validity was demonstrated. The QAG has been found to possess satisfactory psychometric properties as a measure of cohesion in sport teams.

Assessing the Cohesion of Teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Brawley ◽  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
W. Neil Widmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Responsibility Attributions ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Task Cohesion ◽  
Concurrent Study ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire ◽  
Predictive Study

The process of validating a recently developed instrument to assess perceived team cohesion is discussed. The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), an instrument designed to measure cohesion in sport teams, has good estimates for its internal consistency and for its content and factorial validity (Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985; Widmeyer, Brawley, & Carron, 1985). However, other aspects of its validity required examination. The present article reports three studies concerning inspection of the GEQ's concurrent (Study 1), predictive (Study 2), and construct (Study 3) validities. In Study 1 the GEQ exhibited the predicted correspondence with similar measures of cohesion and was not significantly correlated with measures of other constructs. In Study 2 the GEQ successfully discriminated team and individual sport athletes by predicting their membership to these groups on the basis of their task cohesion scores. As well, classification of athletes as new and long-standing members of individual sport teams was predicted on the basis of their social cohesion scores. Finally, in Study 3 evidence was obtained for the predicted difference in self-responsibility attributions between high and low task-cohesive athletes of team sports. Considering the results of the three studies with previous evidence of content and factorial validity, the conclusion was that the GEQ is valid. In sum, demonstrations of the GEQ's content, factorial, concurrent, predictive, and construct validity reflect the ongoing process of its construct validation.

Internal Consistency of the Group Environment Questionnaire Modified for University Residence Settings

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
Michael C. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire

The Group Environment Questionnaire, developed to assess cohesiveness in sport teams, was modified for use in a university residence environment. To examine the internal consistency values of the modified questionnaire, 223 women and 145 men completed the form. Cronbach alphas for ATG-Task, ATG-Social, GI-Task, and Gl-Social were .81, .75, .73, and .83, respectively. These values are superior to those reported for the original version.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire with an Intercollegiate Sample

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuzhong Li ◽  
Peter Harmer
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire

This study was designed to assess the factorial construct validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985) within a hypothesis-testing framework. Data were collected from 173 male and 148 female intercollegiate athletes. Based on Carron et al.’s (1985) conceptual model of group cohesion, the study examined (a) the extent to which the first-order four-factor model could be confirmed with an intercollegiate athlete sample and (b) the degree to which higher order factors could account for the covariation among the four first-order factors. The a priori models of GEQ, including both the first- and second-order factor models, were tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). CFA results showed that the theoretically specified first- and second-order factor models fit significantly better than all alternative models. These results demonstrated that the GEQ possesses adequate factorial validity and reliability as a measure of the sport group cohesion construct for an intercollegiate athlete sample.

scholarly journals A Season-Long Team-Building Intervention: Examining the Effect of Team Goal Setting on Cohesion

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Senécal ◽  
Todd M. Loughead ◽  
Gordon A. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Team Building ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Female High School ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the implementation of a season-long team-building intervention program using team goal setting increased perceptions of cohesion. The participants were 86 female high school basketball players from 8 teams. The teams were randomly assigned to either an experimental team goal–setting or control condition. Each participant completed the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Brawley, & Widmeyer, 2002; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985), which assessed cohesion at both the beginning and end of the season. Overall, the results revealed a significant multivariate effect, Pillai’s trace F(12, 438) = 2.68, p = .002. Post hoc analyses showed that at the beginning of the season, athletes from both conditions did not differ in their perceptions of cohesion. However, at the end of the season, athletes in the team goal–setting condition held higher perceptions of cohesion than athletes in the control condition. Overall, the results indicated that team goal setting was an effective team-building tool for influencing cohesiveness in sport teams.

scholarly journals Rendimientos deportivos auto y heteropercibidos y cohesión grupal: un estudio exploratorio (Own and others’ perception of performance and group cohesion: an exploratory study)

Retos ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
María Rocío Bohórquez Gómez-Millán ◽  
Patricia Delgado Vega ◽  
Jesús Fernández Gavira
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Attraction ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire ◽  
Perception Of Performance

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la relación entre el rendimiento deportivo heteropercibido y autopercibido y la cohesión grupal. Para indagar en esta relación se contó con 22 jugadores de rugby semiprofesionales pertenecientes a un equipo militante en División de Honor B. Para medir la cohesión grupal se empleó la versión española del Group Environment Questionnaire, los rendimientos autopercibido y heteropercibido se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc. Los resultados mostraron que no existe relación significativa entre el rendimiento deportivo deportivos y la cohesión social; aunque existen valores próximos a la significación del rendimiento deportivo autopercibido con las dimensiones de integración grupal a la tarea y atracción individual a lo social. Como principal conclusión, se destaca la inexistencia de relación directa entre la cohesión y el rendimiento individual de los jugadores, lo que abre la puerta a futuras investigaciones que ahonden en las posibles relaciones indirectas entre ambos constructos.Abstract: This study aims to express the relationship between own and others’ perception of athletic performance and group cohesion. Participants were 22 rugby players belonging to category B of the Honor Division in Spanish Rugby League. To measure group cohesion, the Spanish version of the Group Environment Questionnaire was used; own and others’ perception of performance were assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Results showed that there is no significant relationship between sports performance and social cohesion; however, self-perceived athletic performance and the dimensions of task group integration and individual social attraction were close to significant values. As a conclusion, we can highlight the absence of any direct relation between cohesion and players’ individual performance, which might drive the focus of future research on possible indirect relations between these two constructs.

scholarly journals Gaining Access to Providing Medical Care to Male Sport Teams: The Female Athletic Trainer Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 946-954
Author(s):  
Alicia Pike ◽  
Stephanie M. Mazerolle ◽  
Jessica L. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Division I ◽  
Professional Relationships ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Job Access ◽  
The University

Context:  Female athletic trainers (ATs) can face barriers to employment within the profession. Although there is evidence for an increasing percentage of women in athletic training, the portion providing medical care to male sport teams within the professional sport and collegiate settings continues to be small. Objective:  To investigate the experiences of female ATs when seeking employment with male sport teams within the Division I setting. Design:  Qualitative study. Setting:  National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Patients or Other Participants:  A total of 15 NCAA Division I female ATs providing medical care to a male sport team participated in our study. Their mean age was 33 ± 9 years, and they had a mean of 11 ± 9 years of overall clinical experience. Data Collection and Analysis:  All participants completed one-on-one phone interviews, which were recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the data followed thematic analysis using a phenomenologic approach. Credibility was established through credibility checks, peer review, and researcher triangulation. Results:  Factors that played a role in women gaining employment with male sport teams were (1) preexisting professional relationships, (2) prior experience with a male sport, and (3) perseverance. Participants in our study were most attracted to their current positions because of (1) the environment of the collegiate setting and (2) the location of the university. Conclusions:  Job access for female ATs in this study was not viewed as a challenge. Familiarity through previous connections with the university and staff and commitment to career goals helped these women obtain the positions they held. The desire to work in male sports was not a primary contributing factor to the decision-making process. Progress continues for women in athletic training, as evidenced by the reported ease of job access with male sport teams.

scholarly journals Self-concept in preadolescence: A brief version of AF5 scale

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Pau García-Grau ◽  
Daniel Ayora Pérez ◽  
Ferran Calabuig Moreno ◽  
Vicente Javier Prado-Gascó
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Original Scale ◽  
Reduced Scale

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a brief version of the AF5 questionnaire (García & Musitu, 2001) using exploratory and confirmatory techniques on a preadolescent population in the Valencian community (Spain). The sample was made up of 541 participants between 10 and 12 years old, 55.1% (298) boys and 44.9% (243) girls. After observing the results of different reliability and validity analyses (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), it was found that the reduced scale consisting of 20 items showed a similar reliability and validity to the original scale. The factorial structure also fits that of the original model established a priori. According to the results of the study, the use of this diagnostic tool with Spanish children seems justified.

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