Model Status as a Determinant of Observational Learning and Performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Observer Performance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
High Status ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Actual Amount ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Better Than

The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine if model characteristics influence observer performance by exerting their prime influence on the attentional phase of observational learning as predicted by Bandura (1969). A second purpose was to determine whether model characteristics affected actual amount learned or whether merely performance levels were affected by this manipulation. There were two experimental phases. During phase 1, model status (high or low) and time of cueing (pre or post demonstration) were manipulated to test performance and attentional effects of model characteristics. During phase 2, subjects were offered an incentive before performance trials in an attempt to make a learning-versus-performance distinction. Phase 1 results indicated the subjects who viewed a high status model performed better than those viewing a low status model. The lack of any significant cueing effect suggested that model characteristics did not exert their prime influence on the attentional stage of observational learning. There were no group differences during phase 2, suggesting that performance but not actual amount learned was affected by the model status manipulation.

Influence of crude protein content and flint maize processing methods on the performance of early-weaning Nellore calves

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
G. A. P. Souza ◽  
B. C. Lage ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This study aims to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content of early-weaned calves; and the influence of flint maize processing methods on intake, total tract nutrient digestibilities and performance of Nellore heifer calves. Fifteen early-weaned Nellore female calves (4 ± 0.5 months; 108 ± 13.1 kg) were used. In phase 1, animals were fed one of the following diets for 112 days: 130, 145 or 160 g CP/kg dry matter (DM). In phase 2, animals received one of the two diets for 84 days: 0.60 dry ground maize grain, 0.30 whole-plant maize silage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement or 0.90 snaplage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement. In phase 1, intake and digestibility of dietary components were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing dietary CP content. Daily total urinary nitrogen (N) and urinary urea N increased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing dietary CP content. Animal performance was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary CP content. In phase 2, maize processing methods did not affect (P > 0.05) intake and digestibility of dietary components as well as animal performance, carcase characteristics and carcase composition. Therefore, based on the current experimental condition, we conclude that dietary CP concentrations of 130 g/kg DM can be indicated for early-weaned Nellore calves. However, more studies are recommended to validate this result and to evaluate concentrations below 130 g CP/kg DM for early-weaned Nellore calves. Moreover, snaplage could be used as an exclusive fibre and energy source for finishing cattle in feedlot.

scholarly journals Influence of Music on Closed Motor Skills: A Controlled Study with Novice Female Dart-Throwers

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Arbinaga ◽  
Nehemías Romero-Pérez ◽  
Lidia Torres-Rosado ◽  
Eduardo J. Fernández-Ozcorta ◽  
María Isabel Mendoza-Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Mixed Factorial Anova

The influence of music heard at different tempos is analyzed during the execution of a dart-throwing task. The sample consisted of 56 female university students (Mean age = 23.38, SD = 6.773). The participants were randomly assigned to GC (group control without music; n = 18), GS (group with slow-paced music at a tempo of 60 BPM; n = 19) and GF (group with fast-paced music at a tempo of 105 BPM; n = 19). All participants performed a dart-throwing task in two phases. Analysis of the scores obtained during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of dart throwing (examining both between-group differences and within-group differences, i.e., changes in scores from Phase 1 to Phase 2 using a mixed factorial ANOVA) revealed no differences in dart-throwing scores. There were, however, differences in execution time, where the participants in GS needed more time to complete the task than those in GF (F(2,55) = 4.426, p = 0.017) with a large effect size (ŋ2p = 0.143), although neither of these groups differed from GC. The results are discussed in terms of the role of music in precision tasks and the synchronization of the task with the pace of the music.

scholarly journals Changes in and Effects of Anxiety on English Test Performance in Chinese Postgraduate EFL Classrooms

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meihua Liu ◽  
Li Xiangming
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Speech Communication ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Speaking Test ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Classroom Anxiety

As an important affective factor in language learning, foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been extensively researched. Nevertheless, not many studies have targeted postgraduate students or been longitudinal to reveal the dynamic nature of FLA. Hence, the present quantitative study examined changes in and effects of FLA on postgraduate students’ performance over a 10-week period. A total of 324 postgraduate students from a prestigious university took a pretest and posttest, answered a set of questionnaires before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) the 10-week period, respectively. Analyses of the data revealed three major findings: (1) Toward the end of the period, the respondents became significantly less apprehensive of speech communication in English and less worried about the English class, English classroom performance, and other students’ performance. Their overall English language classroom anxiety was significantly lower as well, though they became significantly more worried about tests. (2) In both phases, anxiety was largely highly related to students’ performance in English speaking, listening, reading, and writing tests as well as the overall test performance, especially speaking test performance. Nevertheless, this correlation became weaker in phase 2. (3) In both phases, foreign language classroom anxiety and achievement anxiety powerfully predicted students’ English test performance, especially speaking test performance. These results show that FLA is an important issue even for postgraduate students, affecting their test performance to varying degrees over time. Based on these findings, implications and suggestions are discussed.

267 Evaluating the Interaction Between Nursery Diet Complexity and Pharmacological Zinc and Copper

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Weaned pigs are typically fed complex, highly digestible diets to maximize feed intake and weight gain as they transition into the nursery. Further, pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are commonly fed to mitigate weaning-related diarrhea and performance reductions. A 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized to determine the effect of diet complexity with or without Zn and Cu. Four-hundred and thirty-two weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 48 pens (n = 9 pigs/pens). Pens were assigned to one of four diets: 1) A high soybean meal diet (Simple), 2) Simple + ZnCu, 3) Low soybean meal diet with spray-dried plasma, casein, and oats (Complex), and 4) Complex + ZnCu. Diets were fed in two 14 d phases. For ZnCu there were 3,000 and 2,000 ppm Zn in phase 1 and 2, and 200 ppm Cu in both phases. Bodyweight and feed intake were determined in phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28). Pen was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed by diet complexity, pharmacological minerals and their interaction. No complexity by ZnCu interaction or diet complexity effects were observed in the 28 d study. However, ZnCu increased ADG (0.23 vs. 0.16 kg/day, P &lt; 0.0001), ADFI (0.28 vs. 0.24 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001), and GF (0.80 vs. 0.69, P &lt; 0.0001) in phase 1. In phase 2, ZnCu increased ADG by 9% (P = 0.008) and ADFI by 16% (P = 0.0001) compared to non-supplemented counterparts. Overall (0–28 d), ZnCu pigs had heavier end bodyweight (15.9 vs. 14.5 kg, P = 0.009), and greater ADFI (0.47 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, diet complexity (high levels of soybean meal versus specialized protein alternatives) did not alter nursery performance. Irrespective of diet complexity, pharmacological Zn and Cu improved performance parameters.

Profiling the Training Practices and Performance of Elite Rowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Tran ◽  
Anthony J. Rice ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Paul B. Gastin
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Training Time ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
External Frequency ◽  
Elite Rowers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:To investigate changes in physiology, performance, and training practices of elite Australian rowers over 6 mo.Methods:Twenty-one elite rowers (14 male, 7 female) were monitored throughout 2 phases: phase 1 (specific preparation) and phase 2 (domestic competition). Incremental tests and rowing-ergometer time trials over 100, 500, 2000, and 6000 m were conducted at the start of the season, midseason, and late season. Weekly external (frequency, duration, distance rowed) and internal (T2minute method) loads are reported.Results:Heavyweight male rowers achieved moderate improvements in VO2max and power at VO2max. Most other changes in physiology and performance were small or unclear. External loads decreased from phase 1 to phase 2 (duration 19.3 to 18.0 h/wk, distance rowed 140 to 125 km/wk, respectively). Conversely, internal loads increased (phase 1 = 19.0 T2hours, phase 2 = 20.3 T2hours). Low-intensity training predominated (~80% of training hours at T1 and T2), and high-intensity training was greater in phase 2. Training was rowing-focused (68% of training duration), although 32% of training time was spent in nonspecific modes. The distribution of specificity was not different between phases.Conclusion:Physiology and performance results were stable over the 6-mo period. Training-load patterns differed depending on the measure, highlighting the importance of monitoring both external and internal loads. The distribution of intensity was somewhat polarized, and substantial volumes of nonspecific training were undertaken. Experimental studies should investigate the effects of different distributions of intensity and specificity on rowing performance.

97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Richard Faris ◽  
Sabrina May ◽  
Sara Ebarb ◽  
Pengcheng Xue ◽  
Mark D Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Soy Protein Concentrate ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pig Health

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.

Model Similarity Effects on Motor Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Outcome Scores ◽  
Outcome Knowledge ◽  
Model Similarity

This experiment extended previous findings on whether model characteristics affect attentional subprocesses and mediate performance changes in an observational learning setting. College women (N = 75) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 x 2 (Cueing by Model Similarity) factorial design or to a no-model control group. To assess attentional differences, subjects were cued either prior to or subsequent to a demonstration as to model characteristics, and model similarity was manipulated by having subjects view a similar or dissimilar model. All subjects saw the same videotaped demonstration, only their perceptions of model characteristics were manipulated. Subjects performed 20 performance trials in Phase 1 with outcome knowledge of results (KR) and, after a 1-rnin rest period, were given 10 more performance trials without KR in Phase 2. The results from Phase 1 indicated that subjects performed better after watching a model they perceived to be similar than after one they perceived as dissimilar. Phase 2 data indicated that all subjects were performing similarly in terms of outcome scores but that the control group was using a different strategy than the demonstration groups. The investigation found support for performance differences dependent on model characteristics and pointed to the need to examine more than outcome scores when assessing observational learning effects.

scholarly journals Evaluating Cost and Performance for Improved Meningitis Disease Surveillance in Chad

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngozi Erondu ◽  
Ulla K. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
And Performance ◽  
System Phase

An evaluation study was conducted in Chad to improve meningitis surveillance after the introduction of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine. This project was carried out in four phases. Phase 1: Determine the actual costs of the current meningitis surveillance system; phase 2: Evaluate the performance and quality of the system; phase three: Determine the potential costs of scaling up the surveillance system to a feasible operational standard; and phase four: Use the results from Chad to develop a surveillance cost model that can be used for predicting the costs of surveillance strategies in other African meningitis belt countries.

scholarly journals Study on Discovery Method of Cooperative Research Team Based on Improved Louvain Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dianting Liu ◽  
Kangzheng Huang ◽  
Chenguang Zhang ◽  
Danling Wu ◽  
Shan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Core Node ◽  
Scientific Research Project ◽  
Cooperative Team ◽  
Discovery Method ◽  
Local Topology ◽  
Better Than

According to the needs of scientific research project research and development, the research of cooperative team excavation methods was carried out. Aiming at the current difficulties in accurately and reliably defining and identifying cooperative research teams from co-author network, an improved Louvain algorithm that integrates core node recognition was proposed: Louvain-LSCR algorithm. Based on the analysis of the Louvain algorithm, considering the local topology of the node in the network and the communication range of the node, a new algorithm LSCR for core node identification was constructed. The LSCR algorithm and Louvain algorithm were merged to obtain a new and improved algorithm, Louvain-LSCR. In this algorithm, the leaf nodes in phase 1 of Louvain algorithm were first pruned to reduce calculations; then, seed nodes were selected according to the LSCR algorithm in phase 2. The experimental results on related datasets show that LSCR algorithm has certain advantages in identifying core nodes. The modularity of Louvian-LSCR algorithm is better than other algorithms, and the community structure is more reasonable. It was verified that the algorithm can mine potential cooperative research teams in co-author network.

Phase 1/2 KEYNOTE-051 study of pembrolizumab (pembro) in pediatric patients (pts) with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1+ advanced, relapsed, or refractory solid tumor or lymphoma.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10525-10525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Geoerger ◽  
Hyoung Jin Kang ◽  
Michal Yalon-Oren ◽  
Lynley V. Marshall ◽  
Catherine Vezina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Tumor Imaging ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Advanced Melanoma ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Adult Dose ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Refractory Solid Tumor

10525 Background: In phase 1 of the KEYNOTE-051 study (NCT02332668), the 2 mg/kg Q3W approved adult dose of pembro was also determined to be the pediatric recommended phase 2 dose. In phase 2, presented herein, we further evaluated this dose in pediatric pts with advanced cancer. Methods: Children aged 6 mo to < 18 y with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1+ advanced, relapsed or refractory solid tumor or lymphoma, measurable disease per RECIST v1.1, and performance score ≥50 using Lansky Play or Karnofsky scales received pembro 2 mg/kg Q3W for 35 cycles or until confirmed disease progression per immune-related RECIST by investigator review, intolerable toxicity, or pt/investigator decision to discontinue. Tumor imaging was performed every 8 wk for the first 6 mo, then every 12 wk thereafter. AEs were graded by NCI CTCAE v4.0. Key efficacy endpoints were ORR, disease control rate (DCR), and PFS per RECIST v1.1 by investigator and OS. Results: Of 369 pts prescreened, 364 were evaluable for PD-L1 expression; of these, 121 (33.2%) were PD-L1+. 66 pts were enrolled; median follow-up was 2.5 mo (range, 0.2-18). As of the data cutoff (Nov 7, 2016), 23 (34.8%) pts were still on treatment. Median age was 13 y (range, 1-17), 77.3% had metastatic disease, and 34.8% had ≥3 prior lines of therapy for recurrent/metastatic disease. Primary diagnoses were non-CNS solid tumors (n = 45), CNS tumors (n = 16), and lymphoma (n = 5). 5 (7.6%) pts had grade 3-4 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs), most commonly neutropenia (n = 2). No treatment-related deaths occurred; 1 pt discontinued for a TRAE (grade 3 AST increased). 1 pt each with Hodgkin lymphoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, mesothelioma, and glioblastoma had partial response for an ORR of 6.1% (95% CI, 1.7-14.8); 7 (10.6%) pts had stable disease for a DCR of 16.7% (95% CI, 8.6-27.9). Median PFS and OS were 1.8 mo and 9.2 mo, respectively; 12-mo PFS was 10.2% and OS was 40.5%. Potential effects of pembro on the developing immune system (eg, T and B cells, vaccinated antibodies) will also be presented. Conclusions: Pembro showed low toxicity and warrants further study to determine activity in select pediatric tumors. Enrollment in KEYNOTE-051 is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02332668.

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