Profiling the Training Practices and Performance of Elite Rowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Tran ◽  
Anthony J. Rice ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Paul B. Gastin
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Training Time ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
External Frequency ◽  
Elite Rowers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:To investigate changes in physiology, performance, and training practices of elite Australian rowers over 6 mo.Methods:Twenty-one elite rowers (14 male, 7 female) were monitored throughout 2 phases: phase 1 (specific preparation) and phase 2 (domestic competition). Incremental tests and rowing-ergometer time trials over 100, 500, 2000, and 6000 m were conducted at the start of the season, midseason, and late season. Weekly external (frequency, duration, distance rowed) and internal (T2minute method) loads are reported.Results:Heavyweight male rowers achieved moderate improvements in VO2max and power at VO2max. Most other changes in physiology and performance were small or unclear. External loads decreased from phase 1 to phase 2 (duration 19.3 to 18.0 h/wk, distance rowed 140 to 125 km/wk, respectively). Conversely, internal loads increased (phase 1 = 19.0 T2hours, phase 2 = 20.3 T2hours). Low-intensity training predominated (~80% of training hours at T1 and T2), and high-intensity training was greater in phase 2. Training was rowing-focused (68% of training duration), although 32% of training time was spent in nonspecific modes. The distribution of specificity was not different between phases.Conclusion:Physiology and performance results were stable over the 6-mo period. Training-load patterns differed depending on the measure, highlighting the importance of monitoring both external and internal loads. The distribution of intensity was somewhat polarized, and substantial volumes of nonspecific training were undertaken. Experimental studies should investigate the effects of different distributions of intensity and specificity on rowing performance.

Heart-Rate Variability and Training-Intensity Distribution in Elite Rowers

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1026-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Plews ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding ◽  
Martin Buchheit
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Elite Rowers ◽  
And Training ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:Elite endurance athletes may train in a polarized fashion, such that their training-intensity distribution preserves autonomic balance. However, field data supporting this are limited.Methods:The authors examined the relationship between heart-rate variability and training-intensity distribution in 9 elite rowers during the 26-wk build-up to the 2012 Olympic Games (2 won gold and 2 won bronze medals). Weekly averaged log-transformed square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD) was examined, with respect to changes in total training time (TTT) and training time below the first lactate threshold (>LT1), above the second lactate threshold (LT2), and between LT1 and LT2 (LT1–LT2).Results:After substantial increases in training time in a particular training zone or load, standardized changes in Ln rMSSD were +0.13 (unclear) for TTT, +0.20 (51% chance increase) for time >LT1, –0.02 (trivial) for time LT1–LT2, and –0.20 (53% chance decrease) for time >LT2. Correlations (±90% confidence limits) for Ln rMSSD were small vs TTT (r = .37 ± .80), moderate vs time >LT1 (r = .43 ± .10), unclear vs LT1–LT2 (r = .01 ± .17), and small vs >LT2 (r = –.22 ± .50).Conclusion:These data provide supportive rationale for the polarized model of training, showing that training phases with increased time spent at high intensity suppress parasympathetic activity, while low-intensity training preserves and increases it. As such, periodized low-intensity training may be beneficial for optimal training programming.

Effect of 2-wk intensified training and inactivity on muscle Na+-K+ pump expression, phospholemman (FXYD1) phosphorylation, and performance in soccer players

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Thomassen ◽  
Peter M. Christensen ◽  
Thomas P. Gunnarsson ◽  
Lars Nybo ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Muscle Adaptations ◽  
Isoform Expression ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Intensity Training

The present study examined muscle adaptations and alterations in performance of highly trained soccer players with intensified training or training cessation. Eighteen elite soccer players were, for a 2-wk period, assigned to either a group that performed high-intensity training with a reduction in the amount of training (HI, n = 7), or an inactivity group without training (IN, n = 11). HI improved ( P < 0.05) performance of the 4th, 6th, and 10th sprint in a repeated 20-m sprint test, and IN reduced ( P < 0.05) performance in the 5th to the 10th sprints after the 2-wk intervention period. In addition, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test performance of IN was lowered from 845 ± 48 to 654 ± 30 m. In HI, the protein expression of the Na+-K+ pump α2-isoform was 15% higher ( P < 0.05) after the intervention period, whereas no changes were observed in α1- and β1-isoform expression. In IN, Na+-K+ pump expression was not changed. In HI, the FXYD1ser68-to-FXYD1 ratio was 27% higher ( P < 0.01) after the intervention period, and, in IN, the AB_FXYD1ser68 signal was 18% lower ( P < 0.05) after inactivity. The change in FXYD1ser68-to-FXYD1 ratio was correlated ( r2 = 0.35; P < 0.05) with change in performance in repeated sprint test. The present data suggest that short-term intensified training, even for trained soccer players, can increase muscle Na+-K+ pump α2-isoform expression, and that cessation of training for 2 wk does not affect the expression of Na+-K+ pump isoforms. Resting phosphorylation status of the Na+-K+ pump is changed by training and inactivity and may play a role in performance during repeated, intense exercise.

A Carbohydrate Ingestion Intervention in an Elite Athlete Who Follows a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 957-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Webster ◽  
Jeroen Swart ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intensity Training

This case study documents the performance of an elite-level, exceptionally well-fat-adapted endurance athlete as he reintroduced carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during high-intensity training. He had followed a strict low-CHO high-fat (LCHF) diet for 2 y, during which he ate approximately 80 g of CHO per day and trained and raced while ingesting only water. While following this diet, he earned numerous podium finishes in triathlons of various distances. However, he approached the authors to test whether CHO supplementation during exercise would further increase his high-intensity performance without affecting his fat adaptation. This 7-wk n = 1 investigation included a 4-wk habitual LCHF diet phase during which he drank only water during training and performance trials and a 3-wk habitual diet plus CHO ingestion phase (LCHF + CHO) during which he followed his usual LCHF diet but ingested 60 g/h CHO during 8 high-intensity training sessions and performance trials. After each phase, rates of fat oxidation and 30-s sprint, 4-min sprint, 20-km time trial (TT), and 100-km TT performances were measured. Compared with LCHF, 20-km TT time improved by 2.8% after LCHF + CHO, which would be a large difference in competition. There was no change in 30-s sprint power, a small improvement in 4-min sprint power (1.6%), and a small reduction in 100-km TT time (1.1%). The authors conclude that CHO ingestion during exercise was likely beneficial for this fat-adapted athlete during high-intensity endurance-type exercise (4–30 min) but likely did not benefit his short-sprint or prolonged endurance performance.

Influence of crude protein content and flint maize processing methods on the performance of early-weaning Nellore calves

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
G. A. P. Souza ◽  
B. C. Lage ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This study aims to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content of early-weaned calves; and the influence of flint maize processing methods on intake, total tract nutrient digestibilities and performance of Nellore heifer calves. Fifteen early-weaned Nellore female calves (4 ± 0.5 months; 108 ± 13.1 kg) were used. In phase 1, animals were fed one of the following diets for 112 days: 130, 145 or 160 g CP/kg dry matter (DM). In phase 2, animals received one of the two diets for 84 days: 0.60 dry ground maize grain, 0.30 whole-plant maize silage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement or 0.90 snaplage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement. In phase 1, intake and digestibility of dietary components were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing dietary CP content. Daily total urinary nitrogen (N) and urinary urea N increased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing dietary CP content. Animal performance was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary CP content. In phase 2, maize processing methods did not affect (P > 0.05) intake and digestibility of dietary components as well as animal performance, carcase characteristics and carcase composition. Therefore, based on the current experimental condition, we conclude that dietary CP concentrations of 130 g/kg DM can be indicated for early-weaned Nellore calves. However, more studies are recommended to validate this result and to evaluate concentrations below 130 g CP/kg DM for early-weaned Nellore calves. Moreover, snaplage could be used as an exclusive fibre and energy source for finishing cattle in feedlot.

Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining, and detraining in horses

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2244-2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Tyler ◽  
Lorraine C. Golland ◽  
David L. Evans ◽  
David R. Hodgson ◽  
Reuben J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Group V ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Overload Training ◽  
Prolonged Training ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intensity Training

Tyler, Catherine M., Lorraine C. Golland, David L. Evans, David R. Hodgson, and Reuben J. Rose. Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining, and detraining in horses. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 2244–2249, 1996.—Thirteen standardbred horses were trained as follows: phase 1 (endurance training, 7 wk), phase 2 (high-intensity training, 9 wk), phase 3 (overload training, 18 wk), and phase 4 (detraining, 12 wk). In phase 3, the horses were divided into two groups: overload training (OLT) and control (C). The OLT group exercised at greater intensities, frequencies, and durations than group C. Overtraining occurred after 31 wk of training and was defined as a significant decrease in treadmill run time in response to a standardized exercise test. In the OLT group, there was a significant decrease in body weight ( P < 0.05). From pretraining values of 117 ± 2 (SE) ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) increased by 15% at the end of phase 1, and when signs of overtraining were first seen in the OLT group,V˙o 2 max was 29% higher (151 ± 2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1in both C and OLT groups) than pretraining values. There was no significant reduction inV˙o 2 max until after 6 wk detraining whenV˙o 2 max was 137 ± 2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1. By 12 wk detraining, meanV˙o 2 max was 134 ± 2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, still 15% above pretraining values. When overtraining developed,V˙o 2 max was not different between C and OLT groups, but maximal values for CO2 production (147 vs. 159 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) and respiratory exchange ratio (1.04 vs. 1.11) were lower in the OLT group. Overtraining was not associated with a decrease inV˙o 2 max and, after prolonged training, decreases inV˙o 2 max occurred slowly during detraining.

Risks and Benefits of Youth Sport Specialization: Perspectives and Recommendations

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenny D. Wiersma
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Performance Potential ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Motor Skill Acquisition ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intensity Training

Of growing concern to sport researchers is the practice of youth sport athletes specializing in sport at a young age. Sport specialization is characterized by year-round training in a single sport at the exclusion of other sport or nonsport activities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential benefits of specialized sport at an early age in light of the potential risks associated with specialized participation. Three areas of consideration are discussed, including motor skill acquisition and performance, potential sociological consequences, and psychological concerns related to high-intensity training of young athletes. Finally, recommendations for further research and practical considerations are suggested for deciding the appropriateness of specialized sport in the training and development of youth sport athletes.

Model Status as a Determinant of Observational Learning and Performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Observer Performance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
High Status ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Actual Amount ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Better Than

The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine if model characteristics influence observer performance by exerting their prime influence on the attentional phase of observational learning as predicted by Bandura (1969). A second purpose was to determine whether model characteristics affected actual amount learned or whether merely performance levels were affected by this manipulation. There were two experimental phases. During phase 1, model status (high or low) and time of cueing (pre or post demonstration) were manipulated to test performance and attentional effects of model characteristics. During phase 2, subjects were offered an incentive before performance trials in an attempt to make a learning-versus-performance distinction. Phase 1 results indicated the subjects who viewed a high status model performed better than those viewing a low status model. The lack of any significant cueing effect suggested that model characteristics did not exert their prime influence on the attentional stage of observational learning. There were no group differences during phase 2, suggesting that performance but not actual amount learned was affected by the model status manipulation.

Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1096-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Baguet ◽  
Jan Bourgois ◽  
Lander Vanhee ◽  
Eric Achten ◽  
Wim Derave
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Muscle Carnosine ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
Elite Rowers ◽  
And Performance

The role of the presence of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) in millimolar concentrations in human skeletal muscle is poorly understood. Chronic oral β-alanine supplementation is shown to elevate muscle carnosine content and improve anaerobic exercise performance during some laboratory tests, mainly in the untrained. It remains to be determined whether carnosine loading can improve single competition-like events in elite athletes. The aims of the present study were to investigate if performance is related to the muscle carnosine content and if β-alanine supplementation improves performance in highly trained rowers. Eighteen Belgian elite rowers were supplemented for 7 wk with either placebo or β-alanine (5 g/day). Before and following supplementation, muscle carnosine content in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and the performance was evaluated in a 2,000-m ergometer test. At baseline, there was a strong positive correlation between 100-, 500-, 2,000-, and 6,000-m speed and muscle carnosine content. After β-alanine supplementation, the carnosine content increased by 45.3% in soleus and 28.2% in gastrocnemius. Following supplementation, the β-alanine group was 4.3 s faster than the placebo group, whereas before supplementation they were 0.3 s slower ( P = 0.07). Muscle carnosine elevation was positively correlated to 2,000-m performance enhancement ( P = 0.042 and r = 0.498). It can be concluded that the positive correlation between baseline muscle carnosine levels and rowing performance and the positive correlation between changes in muscle carnosine and performance improvement suggest that muscle carnosine is a new determinant of rowing performance.

267 Evaluating the Interaction Between Nursery Diet Complexity and Pharmacological Zinc and Copper

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Weaned pigs are typically fed complex, highly digestible diets to maximize feed intake and weight gain as they transition into the nursery. Further, pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are commonly fed to mitigate weaning-related diarrhea and performance reductions. A 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized to determine the effect of diet complexity with or without Zn and Cu. Four-hundred and thirty-two weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 48 pens (n = 9 pigs/pens). Pens were assigned to one of four diets: 1) A high soybean meal diet (Simple), 2) Simple + ZnCu, 3) Low soybean meal diet with spray-dried plasma, casein, and oats (Complex), and 4) Complex + ZnCu. Diets were fed in two 14 d phases. For ZnCu there were 3,000 and 2,000 ppm Zn in phase 1 and 2, and 200 ppm Cu in both phases. Bodyweight and feed intake were determined in phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28). Pen was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed by diet complexity, pharmacological minerals and their interaction. No complexity by ZnCu interaction or diet complexity effects were observed in the 28 d study. However, ZnCu increased ADG (0.23 vs. 0.16 kg/day, P &lt; 0.0001), ADFI (0.28 vs. 0.24 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001), and GF (0.80 vs. 0.69, P &lt; 0.0001) in phase 1. In phase 2, ZnCu increased ADG by 9% (P = 0.008) and ADFI by 16% (P = 0.0001) compared to non-supplemented counterparts. Overall (0–28 d), ZnCu pigs had heavier end bodyweight (15.9 vs. 14.5 kg, P = 0.009), and greater ADFI (0.47 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, diet complexity (high levels of soybean meal versus specialized protein alternatives) did not alter nursery performance. Irrespective of diet complexity, pharmacological Zn and Cu improved performance parameters.

97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Richard Faris ◽  
Sabrina May ◽  
Sara Ebarb ◽  
Pengcheng Xue ◽  
Mark D Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Soy Protein Concentrate ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pig Health

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.

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