267 Evaluating the Interaction Between Nursery Diet Complexity and Pharmacological Zinc and Copper

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Weaned pigs are typically fed complex, highly digestible diets to maximize feed intake and weight gain as they transition into the nursery. Further, pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are commonly fed to mitigate weaning-related diarrhea and performance reductions. A 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized to determine the effect of diet complexity with or without Zn and Cu. Four-hundred and thirty-two weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 48 pens (n = 9 pigs/pens). Pens were assigned to one of four diets: 1) A high soybean meal diet (Simple), 2) Simple + ZnCu, 3) Low soybean meal diet with spray-dried plasma, casein, and oats (Complex), and 4) Complex + ZnCu. Diets were fed in two 14 d phases. For ZnCu there were 3,000 and 2,000 ppm Zn in phase 1 and 2, and 200 ppm Cu in both phases. Bodyweight and feed intake were determined in phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28). Pen was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed by diet complexity, pharmacological minerals and their interaction. No complexity by ZnCu interaction or diet complexity effects were observed in the 28 d study. However, ZnCu increased ADG (0.23 vs. 0.16 kg/day, P < 0.0001), ADFI (0.28 vs. 0.24 kg/d, P < 0.0001), and GF (0.80 vs. 0.69, P < 0.0001) in phase 1. In phase 2, ZnCu increased ADG by 9% (P = 0.008) and ADFI by 16% (P = 0.0001) compared to non-supplemented counterparts. Overall (0–28 d), ZnCu pigs had heavier end bodyweight (15.9 vs. 14.5 kg, P = 0.009), and greater ADFI (0.47 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, diet complexity (high levels of soybean meal versus specialized protein alternatives) did not alter nursery performance. Irrespective of diet complexity, pharmacological Zn and Cu improved performance parameters.

97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Richard Faris ◽  
Sabrina May ◽  
Sara Ebarb ◽  
Pengcheng Xue ◽  
Mark D Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Soy Protein Concentrate ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pig Health

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of added dietary salt on pig growth performance1,2

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight J Shawk ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Added Salt

Abstract Three studies evaluated the effects of added dietary salt on growth performance of pigs weighing 7 to 10, 11 to 30, and 27 to 65 kg. In experiment 1, 325 pigs were used with 5 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment. Pigs were fed a diet (0.39% Na and 0.78% Cl) for 7 d after weaning, then randomly assigned to diets with either 0, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, or 0.80% added salt for 14 d. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 10% dried whey. Calculated Na concentrations were 0.11, 0.19, 0.27, 0.35, and 0.43% and calculated Cl concentrations were 0.23, 0.35, 0.47, 0.59, and 0.70%, respectively. Increasing salt increased (linear, P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). For ADG, the linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), and broken-line linear (BLL) models were competing with the breakpoint for the BLL at 0.59% salt. For G:F, the BLL reported a breakpoint at 0.33% while the QP indicated maximum G:F at 0.67% added salt. In experiment 2, 300 pigs were used in a 34-d trial with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed a phase 1 diet (0.50% Na and 0.67% Cl) for 11 d and then a phase 2 diet (0.35% Na and 0.59% Cl) for 14 d. Then pens of pigs were randomly assigned to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.20, 0.35, 0.50, 0.65, or 0.80% added salt. Calculated dietary Na concentration were 0.10, 0.16, 0.22, 0.28, and 0.34% and calculated Cl concentrations were 0.23, 0.32, 0.41, 0.50, and 0.59%, respectively. Overall, ADG and G:F increased (quadratic, P < 0.07) with increasing added salt. For ADG, the QP and BLL had similar fit with the breakpoint for BLL at 0.51% added salt. For G:F, the BLL model predicted a break point at 0.35% added salt. In experiment 3, 1,188 pigs were used in a 44-d study with 27 pigs per pen and 11 pens per treatment. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.10, 0.33, 0.55, or 0.75% added salt. Calculated dietary Na concentrations were 0.10, 0.19, 0.28, and 0.36% and calculated Cl concentrations were 0.23, 0.36, 0.49, and 0.61%, respectively. Overall, there was no evidence to indicate that added salt above 0.10% of the diet affected growth. In conclusion, the BLL models suggested to maximize ADG for 7 to 10 and 11 to 30 kg pigs was 0.59% (0.34% Na and 0.58% Cl) and 0.51% added salt (0.22% Na and 0.42% Cl), respectively. There was no evidence that growth of 27 to 65 kg pigs was improved beyond 0.10% added salt (0.11% Na and 0.26% Cl).

scholarly journals Performance and intestinal development of chicks submitted to different rations and different types of incubation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Eliete Souza Santana ◽  
José Neto Cassiano de Camargo ◽  
Michele Laboissière ◽  
Roberto Moraes Jardim Filho
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Processing

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of two types of incubation and two types of feeding on the performance of chickens and intestinal development of chicks during the pre-starter phase (1 to 7 days of age). One-year-old male Ross® chicks were used. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 2x2 factorial design, with two types of feed processing (bran and micropelleted) and two types of incubation machines (single and multiple stage), totaling four treatments, with four treatment repetitions each. Twelve birds per experimental unit were used, totaling 192 animals. Performance evaluations were conducted, such as mean weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, bowel weight and size, and percentage of intestine in relation to live weight. Histomorphometric tests on the height of the villi and depth of the duodenal crypts were also performed. The two incubation machines did not influence any of the analyzed variables. Even though both had the same composition, the micropelleted feed resulted in positive gains for the performance variables: average weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion when compared to the meal, but was unable to significantly influence the morphometric measurements of the duodenum of chicks in the pre-starter phase.

Creep feed consumption and individual food intake characteristics of group housed weaned pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
E.M.A.M. Bruininx ◽  
C.M.C. van der Peet-Schwering ◽  
J.W.G.M. Swinkels
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Health Post ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Research

The provision of creep feed to suckling pigs is considered to stimulate early food intake as well as health post weaning. However, Barnett et al. (1989) found no effects of creep feeding on post-weaning performance. Research by Pajor et al. (1986) indicated that there is a high variability in creep feed intake both among and within litters. This variability in creep feed intake is probably the main cause of disagreement on the effects of creep feed provision. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of creep feed consumption on individual food intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weaned pigs. Chromic oxide was added to the creep feed to identify piglets that consumed food during the suckling period. In the piggery, IVOG®-feeding stations were used to measure individual food intake after weaning.

Levamisole stimulates proliferation of circulating and intestinal immune cell subsets, gut health and performance in weaned pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Valpotić ◽  
Marcela Šperanda ◽  
Ana Kovšca-Janjatović ◽  
Mislav Ðidara ◽  
Gordana Lacković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance

Valpotić, H., Šperanda, M., Kovšca-Janjatović, A., Ðidara, M., Lacković, G., Božić, F., Habrun, B., Srečec, S., Mataušić-Pišl, M. and Valpotić, I. 2014. Levamisole stimulates proliferation of circulating and intestinal immune cell subsets, gut health and performance in weaned pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 43–53. With the growing knowledge of the porcine immune system and its endogenous modulation, it has been clearly stated that exogenous modulation through the use of substances able to modulate immune functions represents an important prophylactic/therapeutic approach in prevention/treatment of both stress- and F4+ and F18+ enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-induced infections accompanied weaning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of levamisole (LEVA; 2.5 mg kg−1 BW in 10 mL) applied per os to weaned pigs in proliferation of circulating and intestinal immune cell subsets throughout a period of 5 wk. Changes in proportion or number of peripheral blood and ileal mucosal leukocytes tested were studied either weekly by flow cytometry or at the end of the experiment (day 35) by immunohistology/histomorphometry, respectively. Pigs treated with LEVA had increased proportions of peripheral blood CD45+ lymphoid cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD21+ B cells (P<0.01) between days 14 and 35 following the treatment. Also, LEVA stimulated the proliferation of CD45RA+ naïve lymphoid cells in interfollicular (P<0.001) and follicular areas (P<0.05) of ileal Peyer’s patches at day 35 of the experiment. These pigs had a significantly higher (P<0.05) average body weight (19.7 vs. 17.1 kg) and weight gain at the end of experiment compared with the control pigs (for 15%). We conclude that LEVA stimulated the proliferation of circulating and intestinal lymphoid cell subsets tested and improved performance in weaned pigs, and thus, the drug may nonspecifically enhance their immunity/resistance to F4+ and F18+ ETEC strains.

scholarly journals Different Dietary Protein Sources in Low-Protein Diets Induces Changes in Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites of Weaned Piglets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianhua Zhang ◽  
Xiangshu Piao
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Protein Diets

Abstract Background: The inclusion of high-quality proteins and the protein restriction are commonly used in swine production. Our study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) in low-protein diets on antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets.Methods: A total of 144 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replications of 8 piglets per pen. The experiment was divided into phase 1 ( days 0-14) and phase 2 (days 15-28). The dietary treatments contained 15.90% HWP, 15.80% FSBM, and 15.10% ESBM in phase 1, and 7.90% HWP, 7.80% FSBM, and 7.50% ESBM in phase 2, respectively.Results: The ADG of piglets in the ESBM group was higher (P < 0.05) than HWP and FSBM during days 1-28. Compared with HWP and FSBM, piglets in ESBM had higher (P < 0.05) serum levels of FRAP and SOD on days 14, as well as higher (P < 0.05) serum FRAP level on days 28. Piglets in ESBM had lower (P < 0.05) serum levels of DAO and IL-1β than HWP on day 28. ESBM significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Oscillospiraceae and Christensenellaceae and decreased the Clostridiaceae abundance in the feces compared with HWP and FSBM. The PICRUSt analysis revealed that the number of gene tags involved in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation and lysine degradation in ESBM were lower (P < 0.05) than HWP and FSBM. Piglets in ESBM had higher (P < 0.05) fecal butyrate content compared with FSBM, and ESBM tended to decrease (P = 0.076) fecal cadaverine level.Conclusions: Overall, ESBM had advantages over HWP and FSBM in improving antioxidant capacity, immunity, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets.

scholarly journals Diet metabolisability and performance of slow-growing chickens fed with cottonseed cake

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Aline Ferreira Amorim ◽  
Kênia Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Roberta Gomes Marçal Vieira Vaz ◽  
Danilo Vargas Gonçalves Vieira ◽  
Gerson Fausto da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Cottonseed Cake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Substitution Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Slow Growing

The aim of this study was to evaluate poultry performance and diet metabolisability in slow- growing naked neck chickens fed different substitution levels of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% substitution of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein), six replicates and fifteen birds per replicate. The birds and diets of each experimental unit were weighed at one day old. At 30, 60 and 85 days old, the chickens and leftovers were weighed again to estimate the feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and final weight (FW) from 1 to 30 days, from 1 to 60 days and from 1 to 85 days old. To evaluate diet metabolisability, a three-day total excreta collection (26 to 28 days of age) was performed. A quadratic effect was reported for diet metabolisability, in which the minimum substitution level was 17.45% and 17.69% for apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), respectively. Based on performance, it is recommended to replace 40% soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein.

scholarly journals The effect of free or restricted acidified milk feeding of Finnish Ayrshire bull calves on the subsequent fattening and slaughter performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KHALILI ◽  
M. RINNE ◽  
P. ASPILA
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Slaughter Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Milk Feeding

The aim of the research was to study whether the anticipated added weight gain from ad libitum acidified milk feeding compared to restricted milk feeding during the preweaning period can be maintained after weaning until slaughter. The study was conducted by comparing first the growth performance of eleven bull calves until an average age of 126 days (Phase 1) when the five calves were fed acidified milk either ad libitum (FM) for 17 weeks or when six calves were given acidified milk restrictively (5 l per day, RM) for nine weeks. Bulls had ad libitum access to grass silage and concentrate. Secondly, the performance of bulls having an average age of 175 days until slaughter (at an average age of 429 days) at a carcass weight of approximately 290 kg was assessed (Phase 2). All animals were fed grass silage ad libitum and concentrate at a level of 620 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter. Calves fed acidified milk ad libitum grew significantly (P < 0.01) faster than those fed restrictively during the first nine weeks of Phase 1 (1003 vs. 725 g per day). The bulls in the RM group grew a little but not significantly faster during Phase 2, the growth rates being 1197 vs. 1207 g per day. The feed conversion, weight (535 vs. 533 kg at slaughter) and slaughter results were equal. Similarly the life-time gains did not differ being 1174 (FM) and 1141 (RM) g per day, respectively. It can be concluded that the improved performance during early life did not improve growth during the fattening period.;

scholarly journals PSII-5 Carcass characteristics and growth performance of market pigs fed reduced lysine diets in bedded hoop barns

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 229-230
Author(s):  
Peter J Lammers ◽  
Chad A Stahl ◽  
Mark S Honeyman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Des Moines

Abstract A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the effect of SID Lys:ME concentration (current vs. reduced), stocking density (1.30 vs. 4.05 m2/pig), and harvest month (August vs. March) on pigs raised in bedded hoop barns in Western Iowa. For each harvest month, 420 pigs produced from the mating of Duroc boars (Choice Genetics; West Des Moines, IA) to Camborough females (PIC; Hendersonville, TN) were sorted into 12 pens. Six pens were inside 3 large-scale (9.1 × 18.3 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 64 pigs/pen (32 barrows and 32 gilts; 1.30 m2/ pig). Six pens were inside 3 small-scale (6.0 × 10.8 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 6 pigs/pen (3 barrows and 3 gilts; 4.05 m2/pig). Within each stocking density, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets which were fed in 2 phases. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to deliver 2.94 or 2.34 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 1 (72.6–95.0 kg) and 2.34 or 1.76 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 2 (> 95.0 kg). Pigs were individually weighed every 28 days and feed disappearance was recorded. When pigs in a pen averaged 129.3 kg the entire pen of pigs were harvested. A single chop (last-rib location; 2.54 cm thick) was collected from each carcass to assess pork quality. Pigs harvested in the summer grew faster, more efficiently, and with more intramuscular fat than those harvested in winter (P-value ≤ 0.05) but had lower 10th rib pH (P-value < 0.0001). Pigs allotted 4.05 m2/pig grew more efficiently but had reduced last rib pH as compared to pigs stocked at 1.30 m2/pig (P-value < 0.05). Reducing SID Lys:ME did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics (P-value > 0.10). Lower concentrations of SID Lys:ME may be adequate for pigs housed in bedded hoop barns but further study is warranted.

scholarly journals 179 Supplementation of mint oil and yeast cell in lactation diets on the antioxidant status of the dam and performance of offspring during the suckling phase

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
Lily P Hernandez ◽  
James L Dunn ◽  
Joel Wenninghoff ◽  
Crystal L Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Piglet Growth ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Environmental or metabolic heat can increase oxidative stress in sows and may impact suckling pig growth; yeast cell- and oil-based products are used to alleviate oxidative stress. A study was conducted to assess yeast cell and mint oil supplementation in sow lactation diets on sow anti-oxidant status and offspring performance to weaning. A total of 45 sows and gilts (240.7 ± 38.5 kg BW) were assigned to one of 4 diets: Control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.2% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil (YCMO). Diets were provided from d 110 of gestation through weaning (21 ± 4 d). Variables evaluated were: sow and piglet growth, litter characteristics at birth, colostrum and milk oxidative status, sow feed intake. Data analyzed as randomized complete block with sow as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. There was no effect of maternal diet on sow BW (204.52 ± 43.5 kg) at weaning, piglet birth weight (1.44 ± 0.96 kg), litter size (13.09 ± 6 pig/sow) or sow feed intake (6.32 ± 3.05 kg). Piglets from CON females had lesser gain (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups during the suckling phase (0.23, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.24 ± 0.005 kg in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO group, respectively). Superoxide dismutase activity in sow serum (d110 and weaning), colostrum, and milk was not different among diets and was 39, 59, 45, and 10% lower at weaning than d 110 in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO sows, respectively. Milk glutathione content tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in MO than YCMO sows with CON and YC intermediate (15.2, 32.0, 20.6, and 21.1 U/ml), respectively. Overall, inclusion of yeast cell or mint oil enhanced piglet growth, which may be related to lower sow antioxidant status.

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