Hip Abductor Weakness and Lower Extremity Kinematics during Running

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky L. Heinert ◽  
Thomas W. Kernozek ◽  
John F. Greany ◽  
Dennis C. Fater
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Hip Abductor ◽  
Knee Abduction ◽  
Prospective Study Design

Objective:To determine if females with hip abductor weakness are more likely to demonstrate greater knee abduction during the stance phase of running than a strong hip abductor group.Study Design:Observational prospective study design.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory.Participants:15 females with weak hip abductors and 15 females with strong hip abductors.Main Outcome Measures:Group differences in lower extremity kinematics were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with one between factor of group and one within factor of position with a significance value of P < .05.Results:The subjects with weak hip abductors demonstrated greater knee abduction during the stance phase of treadmill running than the strong group (P < .05). No other significant differences were found in the sagittal or frontal plane measurements of the hip, knee, or pelvis.Conclusions:Hip abductor weakness may influence knee abduction during the stance phase of running.

Implications of Increased Lower Extremity Movement Variability on Fall Susceptibility at Increased Stride Lengths During Locomotion

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Nordin ◽  
Joshua P. Bailey ◽  
Janet S. Dufek
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Heel Contact

The purpose of this examination was to explore the effects of stride length (SL) perturbations on walking gait, relative to preferred walking (PW) and running (PR), via lower extremity range of motion (ROM) variability. ROM variability at the hip, knee, and ankle joints, in the sagittal and frontal planes were used in evaluating motor control of gait, where increased gait variability has been previously implicated in fall susceptibly. Nine participants (5 male, 4 female; mean age 23.11±3.55 years, height 1.72±0.18m, mass 72.66±14.37kg) free from previous lower extremity injury were examined. Kinematic data were acquired using a 12-camera system (Vicon MX T40-S; 200Hz). Data filtering and interpolation included a low pass, 4th order, Butterworth filter (15Hz cutoff) and cubic spline. Five gait trials were completed for PW and PR, with subsequent SL manipulations computed as a percentage of leg length (LL). SL perturbations included 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of LL. Kinematic analysis involved one stride (two steps) during each gait trial, assessing ROM at the hip, knee, and ankle from heel contact to toe-off for each limb, in the sagittal and frontal planes. Variability was expressed using coefficient of variation (%). Comparisons were made using 3×7 (joint × stride condition) mixed model ANOVAs, with repeated measures on stride condition (α = 0.05), using SPSS 20.0. Differences in lower extremity ROM variability were detected among stride conditions in the frontal and sagittal planes (F[3.185,76.451] = 3.004, p = .033; F[4.595,110.279] = 2.834, p = .022, respectively). Greater ROM variability was observed at, and in excess of SLs of 100%LL relative to PW in the frontal plane (PW: 9.2±4.2%; 100%LL: 11.8±3.6%, p = .014; 120%LL: 13.5±5.8%, p = .046; 140%LL: 13.8±6.5%, p = .016), and between SLs of 80%LL and 120%LL in the sagittal plane (4.9±3.0%; 7.8±4.7%, p = .046, respectively). From this, PW appeared to occur within SLs of 60%LL to 80%LL, while SLs exceeding 100%LL resulted in increased lower extremity ROM variability. This may have consequences for fall susceptibility at increased stride lengths during walking. PR did not reveal significant variability differences (p>.05) compared to walking conditions in either the sagittal or frontal plane (7.5±5.0%; 12.8±7.7%, respectively), suggesting that running represents a separate, but stable gait pattern. In the sagittal plane, ROM variability was significantly lower at the hip (3.9±1.5%), relative to the ankle (8.4±1.6%, p<.001) and knee joints (7.4±2.6%, p = .001), suggesting that gait control may be more active at the ankle and knee joints. Future investigations should examine kinetic changes in gait when altering stride length.

scholarly journals Comparison of Lower Extremity Kinematic Curves during Overground and Treadmill Running

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Fellin ◽  
Kurt Manal ◽  
Irene S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Discrete Variables ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Curve Similarity

Researchers conduct gait analyses utilizing both overground and treadmill modes of running. Previous studies comparing these modes analyzed discrete variables. Recently, techniques involving quantitative pattern analysis have assessed kinematic curve similarity in gait. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare hip, knee and rearfoot 3-D kinematics between overground and treadmill running using quantitative kinematic curve analysis. Twenty runners ran at 3.35 m/s ± 5% during treadmill and overground conditions while right lower extremity kinematics were recorded. Kinematics of the hip, knee and rearfoot at footstrike and peak were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients. Kinematic curves during stance phase were compared using the trend symmetry method within each subject. The overall average trend symmetry was high, 0.94 (1.0 is perfect symmetry) between running modes. The transverse plane and knee frontal plane exhibited lower similarity (0.86–0.90). Other than a 4.5 degree reduction in rearfoot dorsiflexion at footstrike during treadmill running, all differences were ≤1.5 degrees. 17/18 discrete variables exhibited modest correlations (>0.6) and 8/18 exhibited strong correlations (>0.8). In conclusion, overground and treadmill running kinematic curves were generally similar when averaged across subjects. Although some subjects exhibited differences in transverse plane curves, overall, treadmill running was representative of overground running for most subjects.

Lower Extremity Kinematics of a Single-Leg Squat with an Orthotic in Male and Female Collegiate Athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Joseph ◽  
Kristin L. Holsing ◽  
David Tiberio
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Single Leg Squat

Kinematic differences have been linked to the gender discrepancies seen in knee injuries. A medially posted orthotic decreases frontal and transverse plane motions in the lower extremity during ambulation, squatting and landing. This study investigated the effect of a medial post on amount and timing of lower extremity motions during a single-leg squat in male and female athletes. We hypothesized there would be differences in these kinematic variables dependent upon sex and post conditions. Twenty male and female athletes performed single-leg squats with and without a five degree full-length medial post. Maximum joint angles were analyzed using a two-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance to determine if the differences created by post condition were statistically significant, whether there were gender differences, or interactions. Differences in maximum motion values and the time at which they occurred were found between men and women at the hip, knee and ankle. The post decreased all frontal plane measures in both sexes and resulted in earlier attainment of maximum ankle eversion and delayed maximum knee valgus. A medially posted orthotic may be beneficial not only in limiting motion, but in affecting the time in which stressful motions occur.

Using Lunge Measurements for Baseline Fitness Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Crill ◽  
Christopher P. Kolba ◽  
Gary S. Chleboun
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Lower Extremity Function ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Lower Extremity Strength ◽  
Baseline Fitness

Context:The lunge is commonly used to assess lower extremity strength, flexibility, and balance, yet few objective data exist on it.Objectives:To determine the reliability of the lunge test, determine whether there are gender differences associated with it, and study the relationships between lunge distance and height and leg length.Design:Single-factor repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:57: 29 men, 28 women.Main Outcome Measures:Anterior lunge (AL) and lateral lunge (LL) distance, height, and leg length (cm).Results:LL distance (131.3 ± 12.3) is significantly greater than AL distance (113.7 ± 17.2) in men and in women (LL 113.6 ± 10.5, AL 96.6 ± 11.1). There was no significant correlation for height or leg length to any lunge measurement in men or women.Conclusion:The lunge can be used as a reliable test to measure lower extremity function. Right- and left-leg lunge distances should not differ, and LL will always be greater than AL.

Hand-Held Dynamometry: Reliability of Lower Extremity Muscle Testing in Healthy, Physically Active, Young Adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent M. Kelln ◽  
Patrick O. McKeon ◽  
Lauren M. Gontkof ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Reliable Tool ◽  
Muscle Testing ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Type Design

Context:Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) has been shown to be a reliable, objective way to obtain strength measurements in elderly and physically impaired subjects.Objective:To estimate the intratester, intertester, and intersession reliability of HHD testing of lower extremity movements in young, healthy subjects.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Sports medicine laboratory.Participants:Nine males and eleven females (Mean age = 26 years).Measurements:Strength measures of 11 right lower extremity movements were taken by 3 different testers on 2 separate days using a HHD.Results:Intratester ICC range was .77 to .97 with SEM range of .01 to .44 kg. Mean intertester ICC range was .65 to .87 with SEM range of .11 to 1.05 kg. Mean intersession ICC range was .62 to .92 with SEM range of .01 to .83 kg.Conclusions:HHD has the potential to be a reliable tool for strength measurements in healthy, strong subjects; however, there are noteworthy limitations with movements where subjects can overpower the testers.

Quantifying Bilateral Joint Contributions during Three Variations of the Step Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Flanagan ◽  
Kara M. Kessans ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Step Down

Context:Information regarding how the mechanical demand differs with variants of the step exercise may be used by clinicians to more appropriately prescribe lower-extremity exercise.Objective:To quantify the joint torque contributions of the lower extremity during three different step exercises: forward step-up (FS), lateral step-up (LS), and step-down (SD).Design:An experiment with a repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:18 healthy subjects (9 men, 9 women, age 25.67 ± 4.23 years, height 1.73 ± 0.10 meters, mass 72.73 ± 10.67 kilograms).Intervention:Participants performed three sets of three repetitions of each exercise while instrumented for biomechanical analysis.Main Outcome Measure:Mechanical effort of the hip, knee, and ankle of both limbs during each exercise.Results:The greatest contribution from the hip was required during the FS, while the contribution from the knee was required during the SD. The greatest contribution from the ankle was required during the LS and SD.Conclusion:Choice of step exercise results in different distributions of mechanical demand across the lower extremities.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SPEED AND INCLINE ON LOWER EXTREMITY KINEMATICS DURING TREADMILL JOGGING IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAN-YUEN GUO ◽  
FONG-CHIN SU ◽  
CHICH-HAUNG YANG ◽  
SHU-HUI WANG ◽  
JYH-JONG CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Maximum Flexion

Recently, there are more people jogging with a treadmill at the gym or the home setting. The main available selected modes for treadmill jogging are speed and slope of incline. Increased speeds and incline slopes will not only increase the cardiopulmonary loading but may also alter the lower extremity (LE) movement patterns. There are few systematic investigations of the effect of the speed and incline on LE kinematics. Most studies have used 2D methods which focused on movements in sagittal plane only and this has limitations in the acquired data since lower extremity movements also include frontal and transverse planes. The current study aimed to investigate LE movement during jogging at different speeds and incline slopes using a high speed three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. Eighteen young healthy males were recruited. The video-based motion capture system with six CCD cameras, HIRES Expert Vision System (Motion Analysis Corporation, CA, USA), was used to collect kinematic data at a sampling frequency of 120Hz. Nineteen passive reflective markers were attached to bilateral lower extremities of the subject. The joint angle is calculated by Euler angle using the rotation sequence: 2-1-3 (y-x′-z″). Four speeds were selected: 2 m/s, 2.5 m/s, 3 m/s, 3.5 m/s with the slope at 0, and four slopes were selected: 0%, 5%,10%,15% at a speed of 3 m/s. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test hypotheses regarding changes in jogging condition on LE kinematic variables. The significance level was set at 0.05. As the jogging slope increased, the hip, knee and ankle demonstrated a significantly greater maximum flexion in swing phase (p<0.001), but the maximum extension angles in stance phase were relatively unchanged. Increased LE flexion during swing phase is important to ensure foot clearance with increased slope. For increased speed, the hip and ankle joints had significantly greater maximum joint extension angles during stance phase and the hip and knee joint had significantly larger maximum flexion angles in swing phase (p<0.001). Increased motion during swing phase account for a larger step length and increased motion during stance phase may facilitate the generation of power during forward propulsion as the jogging speed increased. As the slope and speed increased, LE movement patterns were changed in the transverse plane: the significantly increased (p<0.01) internal hip rotation at terminal stance, the increased toe-in of foot (p<0.001) during terminal stance phase and decreased (p<0.05) toe-out during swing phase. Increased hip motion in transverse plane could lengthen the stride distance and increase foot toe-in for providing a stable lever for push off to increase propulsion force as speed or slope is increased. By way of systematic 3D kinematic investigation of the LE in jogging, the results further elucidate the effect of changing speed and incline on LE joints movements. This information could provide guidelines for rehabilitation clinicians or coaches to select an appropriate training mode for jogging.

Influence of Custom Foot Orthotic Intervention on Lower Extremity Intralimb Coupling during a 30-Minute Run

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. MacLean ◽  
Richard van Emmerik ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coupling Angle ◽  
Foot Orthotic

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of a custom foot orthotic (CFO) intervention on lower extremity intralimb coupling during a 30-min run in a group of injured runners and to compare the results to a control group of healthy runners. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected during a 30-min run on healthy female runners (Shoe-only) and a group of female runners who had a recent history of overuse injury (Shoe-only and Shoe with custom foot orthoses). Results from the study revealed that the coordination variability and pattern for the some couplings were influenced by history of injury, foot orthotic intervention and the duration of the run. These data suggest that custom foot orthoses worn by injured runners may play a role in the maintenance of coordination variability of the tibia (transverse plane) and calcaneus (frontal plane) coupling during the Early Stance phase. In addition, it appears that the coupling angle between the knee (transverse plane) and rearfoot (frontal plane) joints becomes more symmetrical in the late stance phase as a run progresses.

scholarly journals Effects of task and hip-abductor fatigue on lower limb alignment and muscle activation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rabello ◽  
Camila Nodari ◽  
Felipe Scudiero ◽  
Iury Borges ◽  
Luan Fitarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Limb Alignment ◽  
Lower Limb Alignment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Hip Abductor

Abstract Purpose Fatigue-induced hip-abductor weakness may exacerbate lower-limb misalignments during different dynamic single-leg tasks. We sought to evaluate the effects of fatigue and task on lower limb kinematics and muscle activation and to find associations between measurements obtained in two tasks. Methods One-group pretest–posttest design. Seventeen healthy adults (9 W) performed the single-leg squat (SLSQUAT) and the single-leg hop (SLHOP) before and after a hip-abduction fatigue protocol. Hip adduction, knee frontal plane projection angle (knee FPPA) and heel inversion displacement were measured during the eccentric phase of the SLSQUAT and the SLHOP, as well as activation of the gluteus medius (GMed), tensor fascia latae (TFL), peroneus longus (PER) and tibialis anterior (TA). Moments and tasks were compared using a repeated-measures two-way ANOVA. Correlation between tasks was evaluated using Spearman’s correlation. Results No differences in kinematics or activation were found between moments. Hip-adduction displacement (P = 0.005), GMed (P = 0.008) and PER (P = 0.037) activation were higher during SLSQUAT, while TA activation was higher during SLHOP (P < 0.001). No differences were found between tasks in knee FPPA and heel inversion. Hip-adduction and knee FPPA were not correlated between tasks, while ankle inversion displacement was positively correlated (rs = 0.524–0.746). Conclusion Different characteristics of SLSQUAT (slower and deeper) seem to have led to increased hip adduction displacement, GMed, and PER activation and decreased TA activation, likely due to higher balance requirements. However, hip-abductor fatigue didn’t influence lower-limb alignment during the tasks. Finally, evaluations should be performed with different single-leg tasks since they don’t give the same lower-limb alignment information.

scholarly journals Effect of Q-factor manipulation via pedal spacers on lower limb frontal plane kinematics during cycling

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Andrew N Fife ◽  
Harsh Harish Buddhadev ◽  
David N Suprak ◽  
Sarah B Paxson ◽  
Jun G San Juan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Knee Abduction ◽  
Lateral Knee Pain

Anecdotal evidence suggests that frontal plane kinematics of the lower extremity are an important aspect of bicycle fit, however, frontal plane adjustments are often overlooked during common fitting procedures. The purpose of this study was to manipulate Q-factor width via pedal spacers to determine their influence on frontal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during cycling. Twenty-four young healthy recreational cyclists (12 female) completed five minutes of pedaling at their preferred cadence and power output under three stance widths conditions: no spacer, 20 mm spacer, and 30 mm spacer. For each participant, the pedaling cadence and power output were kept identical for all experimental conditions. Lower extremity marker position data were captured at 250 Hz for the last two minutes of each condition. Sixty consecutive crank cycles were analyzed to identify maximum and minimum hip, knee, and ankle angles in the frontal plane. With an increase in Q-factor, hip and knee maximum abduction angles increased and maximum adduction angles decreased. With increase in Q-factor from no spacer to 20 mm spacer condition, hip abduction increased by 0.8o (∆10%; p<0.001) whereas hip abduction decreased by 0.9o (∆23%; p<0.001) and similarly, knee abduction increased by 1.2o (∆60%; p=0.002) whereas knee abduction decreased by 1.1o (∆18%; p=0.003). And with increase in Q-factor from no spacer to 30 mm spacer condition, hip abduction increased by 1.4o (∆18%; p<0.001) and hip adduction decreased by 1.6o (∆40%; p<0.001) and similarly, knee abduction increased by 1.8o (∆86%; p<0.001) and knee adduction decreased by 2.1o (∆35%; p<0.001). Maximum and minimum ankle angles were not affected by the stance width conditions (p>0.05). Pedal spacers are an effective way of manipulating Q-factor and frontal plane kinematics of the hip and knee and could help cyclists experiencing medial or lateral knee pain.

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