The Effects of Gender and Fatigue on Dynamic Postural Control

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip A. Gribble ◽  
Richard H. Robinson ◽  
Jay Hertel ◽  
Craig R. Denegar
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Model Design ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Gender

Context:Deficits in static postural control related to fatigue have been investigated previously, but there is little evidence to link fatigue to performance measures of dynamic postural control.Objective:To investigate the effects of fatigue and gender on performance measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT).Design:Mixed-model design.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:16 healthy young adults.Intervention:Subjects performed the SEBT before and after 4 different fatiguing conditions.Main Outcome Measures:The normalized reach distances and sagittal-plane kinematics of the knee and hip were recorded.Results:Fatigue produced deficits in normalized reach distances and decreased knee flexion in all 3 reaching directions. Overall, women were able to reach farther than men while simultaneously demonstrating a greater amount of knee flexion.Conclusions:Gender differences were observed during performance of the SEBT, with women demonstrating greater reach distances and knee flexion, and fatigue amplified these differences.

Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Olmsted ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Plate Dynamic

Context:The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly understood.Objective:To examine these effects on postural control in subjects with different foot types.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Subjects:30 healthy subjects assigned to groups by foot type: planus (n = 11), rectus (n = 12), or cavus (n = 7).Interventions:Custom-fit semirigid orthotics.Main Outcome Measures:Static postural control was measured on a force plate. Dynamic postural control was measured using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both measurements were assessed with and without orthotics at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results:For static postural control, a significant condition-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had a decreased center-of-pressure velocity while wearing orthotics. For dynamic postural control, a significant condition-by-direction-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had increased reach distances in 3 of 8 directions while wearing orthotics.Conclusions:Custom orthotics were associated with some improvements in static and dynamic postural control in subjects with cavus feet.

Differences in Static- and Dynamic-Balance Task Performance After 4 Weeks of Intrinsic-Foot-Muscle Training: The Short-Foot Exercise Versus the Towel-Curl Exercise

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott K. Lynn ◽  
Ricardo A. Padilla ◽  
Kavin K.W. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Balance Task

Context:Proper functioning of the intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) is essential in maintaining the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). Improper functioning of the IFM leads to excessive pronation of the foot, which has been linked to various pathologies. Therefore, training the IFM to avoid excessive pronation may help prevent some of these pathologies; however, it is not clear how to train these muscles optimally.Objective:To investigate the effects of 2 different types of IFM training on the height of the MLA and static- and dynamic-balance task performance.Design:Randomized controlled trial, repeated-measures mixed-model design.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory for testing and a home-based training program.Participants:24 healthy, university-age volunteers (3 groups of 8) with no history of major lower limb pathology or balance impairment.Interventions:One experimental group performed 4 wk of the short-foot exercise (SFE) and the other performed 4 wk of the towel-curl exercise (TCE). Participants were asked to perform 100 repetitions of their exercise per day.Main Outcome Measures:Navicular height during weight bearing, the total range of movement of the center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral (ML) direction for a static-balance test and a dynamic-balance test.Results:There were no differences in the navicular height or static-balance tests. For the dynamic-balance test, all groups decreased the ML COP movement on the dominant limb by a small amount (~5 mm); however, the SFE group was able to decrease COP movement much more than the TCE group in the nondominant limb.Conclusions:The SFE appeared to train the IFM more effectively than the TCE; however, there were differing results between the dominant and nondominant legs. These imbalances need to be taken into consideration by clinicians.

The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Brice Picot ◽  
Romain Terrier ◽  
Nicolas Forestier ◽  
François Fourchet ◽  
Patrick O. McKeon
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Star Excursion Balance Test ◽  
And Gender

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a reliable, responsive, and clinically relevant functional assessment of lower limbs’ dynamic postural control. However, great disparity exists regarding its methodology and the reported outcomes. Large and specific databases from various population (sport, age, and gender) are needed to help clinicians when interpreting SEBT performances in daily practice. Several contributors to SEBT performances in each direction were recently highlighted. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to (a) provide an updated review of the design, implementation, and interpretation of the SEBT and (b) propose guidelines to standardize SEBT procedures for better comparisons across studies.

scholarly journals The Influence of Physical Load on Dynamic Postural Control—A Systematic Replication Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Jessica Heil ◽  
Sarah Schulte ◽  
Dirk Büsch
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Wingate Anaerobic Test ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Composite Scores ◽  
Anaerobic Test

Dynamic postural control is challenged during many actions in sport such as when landing or cutting. A decrease of dynamic postural control is one possible risk factor for non-contact injuries. Moreover, these injuries mainly occur under loading conditions. Hence, to assess an athlete’s injury risk properly, it is essential to know how dynamic postural control is influenced by physical load. Therefore, the study’s objective was to examine the influence of maximal anaerobic load on dynamic postural control. Sixty-four sport students (32 males and 32 females, age: 24.11 ± 2.42, height: 175.53 ± 8.17 cm, weight: 67.16 ± 10.08 kg) were tested with the Y-Balance Test before and after a Wingate Anaerobic Test on a bicycle ergometer. In both legs, reach distances (anterior) and composite scores were statistically significantly reduced immediately after the loading protocol. The values almost returned to pre-load levels in about 20 min post-load. Overall, findings indicate an acute negative effect of load on dynamic postural control and a higher potential injury risk during a period of about 20 min post-load. To assess an athlete’s sports-specific injury risk, we recommend testing dynamic postural control under loaded conditions.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Increased Joint Mobilization Treatment Duration on Ankle Function and Dynamic Postural Control in Female Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596712092737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Holland ◽  
Jonathan D. Hughes ◽  
Mark B.A. De Ste Croix
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Joint Mobilization ◽  
All Treatment

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is linked to mechanical and functional insufficiencies. Joint mobilization is purported to be effective at treating these deficits. Purpose: To examine the effect of different treatment durations of a grade IV anterior-to-posterior ankle joint mobilization on weightbearing dorsiflexion range of motion (WB-DFROM), posterior talar glide (PG), and dynamic postural control in individuals with CAI. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 48 female athletes (mean age, 22.8 ± 4.8 years) with unilateral CAI participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment conditions: 30 seconds, 60 seconds, and 120 seconds. Treatment was provided to the injured limb on 3 separate occasions 48 hours apart and consisted of a Maitland grade IV anterior-to-posterior talar joint mobilization based on the participant’s initial group assignment. WB-DFROM; PG; and the anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test were measured bilaterally before and after each treatment. The uninjured limb acted as a control. Data were analyzed using 2-way mixed-model analyses of variance, and effect sizes were calculated through use of Hedges g. Results: Significant differences were detected after all treatment sessions for all outcome measures ( P ≤ .001) and between treatment groups after sessions 1, 2, and 3 for all outcome measures ( P ≤ .001). Effect sizes were very large or huge for all treatment groups for WB-DFROM, PG, and ANT reach direction. Substantial variation was found in effect sizes for PM and PL measures. Conclusion: Accessory mobilization is an effective treatment to induce acute changes in ankle motion and dynamic postural control in patients with CAI, with longer treatment durations conferring greater improvements. Clinical Relevance: This study adds clarity to the use of joint mobilization treatments and will add to the current clinical practice strategy for patients with CAI.

scholarly journals The Disturbing Effect of Neuromuscular Fatigue on Postural Control Is Accentuated in the Premenstrual Phase in Female Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maissa Kacem ◽  
Rihab Borji ◽  
Sonia Sahli ◽  
Haithem Rebai
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Fatigue Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise

This study explored the fatigue effect on postural control (PC) across menstrual cycle phases (MCPs) in female athletes. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC), the center of pressure sway area (CoParea), CoP length in the medio-lateral (CoPLX) and antero-posterior (CoPLY) directions, and Y-balance test (YBT) were assessed before and after a fatiguing exercise during the follicular phase (FP), mid-luteal phase (LP), and premenstrual phase (PMP). Baseline normalized reach distances (NRDs) for the YBT were lower (p = 0.00) in the PMP compared to others MCPs, but the IMVC, CoParea, CoPLX, and CoPLY remained unchanged. After exercise, the IMVC and the NRD decrease was higher at PMP compared to FP (p = 0.00) and LP (p = 0.00). The CoParea, CoPLX, and CoPLY increase was higher in the PMP compared to FP (p = 0.00) and LP (p = 0.00). It was concluded that there is an accentuated PC impairment after exercise observed at PMP.

AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCE IN DYNAMIC POSTURAL BALANCE AGAINST TILTING PERTURBATION IN MEN AND WOMEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (07) ◽  
pp. 1740038 ◽  
Author(s):  
JI-WON KIM ◽  
YU-RI KWON ◽  
GWANG-MOON EOM
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this study was to investigate how age and gender affect the dynamic postural balance during tilting perturbation. Fifty healthy subjects (15 young men, 13 young women, 11 elderly men and 11 elderly women) performed balance test on a movable force plate that tilted toe-up and toe-down. As outcome measures, maximum excursion and fluctuation were calculated from center of pressure (COP) data in the sagittal plane (anteroposterior). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc comparisons were performed for the outcome measures with the independent factors of age and gender. The elderly had a greater COP maximum excursion as compared to the young during both perturbations ([Formula: see text]). COP fluctuation showed significant interaction of age and gender only in toe-up perturbation ([Formula: see text]). Especially, age-related difference existed only in women ([Formula: see text]). These results suggest that elderly women have dynamic balance strategy with great and fluctuated sway in response to toe-up perturbation. The age-related changes in dynamic balance among women may be related to the greater fall rate of elderly women.

Kinematic Analysis of Selected Reach Directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test Compared With the Y-Balance Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Fullam ◽  
Brian Caulfield ◽  
Garrett F. Coughlan ◽  
Eamonn Delahunt
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Star Excursion Balance Test ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
University Laboratory

Context:The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Y-Balance Test (YBT) have 3 common reach directions: anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL). Previous research has indicated that reach-distance performance on the ANT reach direction of the SEBT differs from that on the YBT. Kinematic patterns associated with the ANT reach direction of the SEBT and YBT need to be investigated to fully understand this difference, along with the PM and PL reach directions, to deduce any kinematic discrepancies between the 2 balance tests.Objective:To compare and contrast the kinematic patterns associated with test performance on the reach directions common to the SEBT and YBT.Design:Controlled laboratory study.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:15 healthy male (age 23.33 ± 2.02 y, height 1.77 ± 0.04 m, body mass 80.00 ± 9.03 kg) and 14 healthy female (age 21.14 ± 1.66 y, height 1.63 ± 0.06 m, body mass 59.58 ± 7.61 kg) volunteers.Intervention:Each participant performed 3 trials of the ANT, PM, and PL reach directions of the SEBT and YBT on their dominant leg.Main Outcome Measures:Sagittal-plane lower-limb kinematic profiles were recorded using a 3-D motion-analysis system. Reach distances were also recorded for each reach direction.Results:A significant main effect (P < .05) was observed for test condition with participants reaching farther on the ANT reach direction of the SEBT compared with the YBT. While reaching in the ANT direction participants were characterized by a more flexed position of the hip joint at the point of maximum reach on the YBT (27.94° ± 13.84°) compared with the SEBT (20.37° ± 18.64°).Conclusions:Based on these observed results, the authors conclude that test performance on the SEBT and YBT differ in terms of dynamic neuromuscular demands, as evidenced by differences in reach distances achieved in the ANT reach direction and associated test kinematic profile.

Performance in Static, Dynamic, and Clinical Tests of Postural Control in Individuals with Recurrent Ankle Sprains

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Nakagawa ◽  
Mark Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Balance Tests

Objective:To evaluate postural control in individuals with recurrent ankle sprains with static, dynamic, and clinical balance tests and to examine the relationships between performances in each of these tests.Design:Postural control was evaluated with 3 different balance tests in individuals with and without recurrent ankle sprains.Participants:19 volunteers with recurrent ankle sprains and 19 uninjured control subjects.Interventions:None.Setting:University sports-medicine research laboratory.Main Outcome Measures:Total excursion of the center of pressure (COP) was calculated for the static and dynamic balance tests. Total reach distance was measured for the Star Excursion Balance Test.Results:Subjects with recurrent ankle sprains demonstrated significantly greater excursion of the COP in both the static and dynamic balance tests. Correlations between performances in all tests were very low.Conclusions:Recurrent ankle sprains might be associated with reduced postural control as demonstrated by decreased performance in static and dynamic balance tests.

Gastrocnemius Stretching Program: More Effective in Increasing Ankle/Rear-Foot Dorsiflexion When Subtalar Joint Positioned in Pronation Than in Supination

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Johanson ◽  
Megan Armstrong ◽  
Chris Hopkins ◽  
Meghan L. Keen ◽  
Michael Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cumulative Trauma ◽  
Mixed Model Anova ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analysis System

Context:Stretching exercises are commonly prescribed for patients and healthy individuals with limited extensibility of the gastrocnemius muscle.Objective:To determine if individuals demonstrate more dorsiflexion at the ankle/rear foot and less at the midfoot after a gastrocnemius-stretching program with the subtalar joint (STJ) positioned in supination compared with pronation.Design:Randomized controlled trial.Setting:Biomechanical laboratory.Participants:22 volunteers with current or recent history of lower-extremity cumulative trauma and gastrocnemius tightness (10 women and 4 men, mean age 28 y) randomly assigned to stretching groups with the STJ positioned in either pronation (n = 11) or supination (n = 11).Intervention:3-wk home gastrocnemius-stretching program using a template to place the subtalar joint in either a pronated or a supinated position.Main Outcome Measures:A 7-camera Vicon motion-analysis system measured ankle/rear-foot dorsiflexion and midfoot dorsiflexion of all participants during stretching with the STJ positioned in both pronation and supination before and after the 3-wk gastrocnemius-stretching program.Results:A 2-way mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (P = .019). At posttest, the group who performed the 3-week stretching program with the STJ positioned in pronation demonstrated more increased ankle/rear-foot dorsiflexion when measured with the STJ in pronation than the group who performed the 3-wk stretching program with the STJ positioned in supination. No significant main effect of stretching group or interaction for dorsiflexion at the midfoot was detected (P = .755 and P = .820, respectively).Conclusion:After a 3-wk gastrocnemius-stretching program, when measuring dorsiflexion with the STJ positioned in supination, the participants who completed a 3-wk gastrocnemius stretching program with the STJ positioned in pronation showed more increased dorsiflexion at the ankle/rear foot than participants who completed the stretching program with the STJ positioned in supination.

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