Reliability of the Anterior Drawer and Talar Tilt Tests Using the Ligmaster Joint Arthrometer

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie L. Docherty ◽  
Katherine Rybak-Webb
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Anterior Drawer ◽  
Anterior Displacement ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Anterior Drawer Test ◽  
Outcome Measurements ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Training Research

Context:Joint arthrometers have been developed to help determine the severity of ligament sprains.Objective:To establish intratester and intertester reliability of the talar inversion and anterior drawer tests using the LigMaster.Design:Intratester reliability was investigated using a repeated-measures design. Intertester reliability was investigated using 2 different clinicians testing subjects on the same day.Setting:Athletic training research laboratory. Participants: Thirty participants volunteered for this study.Main Outcome Measurements:Anterior displacement and talar inversion were measured using the LigMaster.Results:Intrarater reliability was .74 for the talar inversion test and .65 for the anterior drawer test. Interrater reliabilities for the talar inversion and anterior drawer tests were .76 and .81, respectively.Conclusions:The LigMaster joint arthrometer is a reliable tool for measuring talar inversion and anterior displacement at the ankle.

Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Olmsted ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Plate Dynamic

Context:The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly understood.Objective:To examine these effects on postural control in subjects with different foot types.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Subjects:30 healthy subjects assigned to groups by foot type: planus (n = 11), rectus (n = 12), or cavus (n = 7).Interventions:Custom-fit semirigid orthotics.Main Outcome Measures:Static postural control was measured on a force plate. Dynamic postural control was measured using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both measurements were assessed with and without orthotics at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results:For static postural control, a significant condition-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had a decreased center-of-pressure velocity while wearing orthotics. For dynamic postural control, a significant condition-by-direction-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had increased reach distances in 3 of 8 directions while wearing orthotics.Conclusions:Custom orthotics were associated with some improvements in static and dynamic postural control in subjects with cavus feet.

Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee E. Roth ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Marc Ricard ◽  
Donna Ritenour ◽  
Brenda L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Post Test

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.

Quantifying Bilateral Joint Contributions during Three Variations of the Step Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Flanagan ◽  
Kara M. Kessans ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Step Down

Context:Information regarding how the mechanical demand differs with variants of the step exercise may be used by clinicians to more appropriately prescribe lower-extremity exercise.Objective:To quantify the joint torque contributions of the lower extremity during three different step exercises: forward step-up (FS), lateral step-up (LS), and step-down (SD).Design:An experiment with a repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:18 healthy subjects (9 men, 9 women, age 25.67 ± 4.23 years, height 1.73 ± 0.10 meters, mass 72.73 ± 10.67 kilograms).Intervention:Participants performed three sets of three repetitions of each exercise while instrumented for biomechanical analysis.Main Outcome Measure:Mechanical effort of the hip, knee, and ankle of both limbs during each exercise.Results:The greatest contribution from the hip was required during the FS, while the contribution from the knee was required during the SD. The greatest contribution from the ankle was required during the LS and SD.Conclusion:Choice of step exercise results in different distributions of mechanical demand across the lower extremities.

scholarly journals Self-Confidence and Perceptions of Athletic Training Students Following Simulated Experiences: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Stedge ◽  
Valerie Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Athletic Training Students ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Self Confidence

Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patient encounters under the supervision of a credentialed athletic trainer. However, clinical education experiences may not allow for all students to practice more invasive or less common skills such as rectal thermometry. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) determine the effect of a series of low to high-fidelity simulated rectal thermometry experiences on athletic training students’ self-confidence scores; and 2) through a phenomenological qualitative approach, explore athletic training students’ perceptions following the simulated rectal thermometry experiences. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental, mixed methods, one-group repeated measures design. Participants were nine first year professional Master of Athletic Training students who completed four simulated experiences on the skill of rectal thermometry. The outcome measures were The Athletic Trainer’s Self-Confidence Scale (ATSCS) and qualitative semi-structured open-ended interviews. Results: Friedman’s ANOVA revealed a statistically significant improvement from the participant’s baseline ATSCS scores to the last post-test scores. We identified three major themes following qualitative interviews: 1) Perception changes before and after participation; 2) Benefits of a series of four simulations; 3) Explanations for the improvements in confidence and competence. Conclusions: A series of simulated learning activities using high-fidelity and standardized patient interactions can help improve athletic training students’ self-confidence. Though future research is needed, athletic training education programs should consider implementing simulated experiences to equip athletic training students to transition to practice.

Test-Retest Reliability of Three Dynamic Tests Obtained from Active Females Using the Neurocom Balance Master

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Naylor ◽  
William A. Romani
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Context:There is a growing need for objective measures of proprioception and balance in athletic females.Objective:To determine the intertester and intratester reliability of the Neurocom Balance Master (NBM) forward lunge (FL), step up and over (SUO), and step quick turn (SQT) tests on a young, healthy, female population.Design:Repeated measures design.Setting:University medical laboratory.Participants:15 young healthy female volunteers (height 155.1 cm ± 18.5 cm, mass 61.1 kg ± 7.3 kg, age 24.2 years ± 2.9 years).Measurements:The average of three trials on the FL, SUO, and SQT taken during each of three testing sessions on the NBM long force plate.Results:Inter and intratester reliability for the FL (ICC r = 0.71 to r = 0.93) and SQT (ICC r = 0.70 to r = 0.88) ranged from good to excellent while reliability for the SUO ranged from fair to excellent (ICC r = 0.59 to r = 0.92).Conclusions:The three NBM tests are reliable in healthy, young, physically active females.

scholarly journals Knee and Ankle Position, Anterior Drawer Laxity, and Stiffness of the Ankle Complex

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Kovaleski ◽  
Phillip M. Norrell ◽  
Robert J. Heitman ◽  
J. Marcus Hollis ◽  
Albert W. Pearsall
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Anterior Drawer ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Ankle Arthrometer ◽  
Anterior Laxity ◽  
Ankle Complex ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Context: Anterior drawer testing of the ankle is commonly used to diagnose lateral ligamentous instability. Our hypothesis was that changing knee and ankle positions would change the stability of the ankle complex during anterior drawer testing. Objectives: To assess the effects of knee and ankle position on anterior drawer laxity and stiffness of the ankle complex. Design: A repeated-measures design with knee and ankle position as independent variables. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Bilateral ankles of 10 female (age  =  19.8 ± 1.1 years) and 10 male (age  =  20.8 ± 1.2 years) collegiate athletes were tested. Intervention(s): Each ankle complex underwent loading using an ankle arthrometer under 4 test conditions consisting of 2 knee positions (90° and 0° of flexion) and 2 ankle positions (0° and 10° of plantar flexion [PF]). Main Outcome Measure(s): Recorded anterior laxity (mm) and stiffness (N/mm). Results: Anterior laxity of the ankle complex was maximal with the knee positioned at 90° of flexion and the ankle at 10° of PF when compared with the knee positioned at 0° of flexion and the ankle at 10° or 0° of PF (P < .001), whereas ankle complex stiffness was greatest with the knee positioned at 0° of flexion and the ankle at 0° of PF (P < .009). Conclusions: Anterior drawer testing of the ankle complex with the knee positioned at 90° of flexion and the ankle at 10° of PF produced the most laxity and the least stiffness. These findings indicate that anterior drawer testing with the knee at 90° of flexion and the ankle at 10° of PF may permit better isolation of the ankle capsuloligamentous structures.

The Effect of 3 Foot Pads on Plantar Pressure of Pes Planus Foot Type

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lacey Nordsiden ◽  
Bonnie L. Van Lunen ◽  
Martha L. Walker ◽  
Nelson Cortes ◽  
Maria Pasquale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Training Clinic ◽  
History Of

Context:Many styles of foot pads are commonly applied to reduce immediate pain and pressure under the foot.Objective:To examine the effect of 3 different foot pads on peak plantar pressure (PPP) and mean plantar pressure (MPP) under the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) during slow running.Design:A 4 (pad) × 4 (mask) repeated-measures design.Setting:University athletic training clinic and fitness facility.Participants:20 physically active participants, 12 men (19.7 ± 1.3 y, 181.5 ± 6.3 cm, 83.6 ± 12.3 kg) and 8 women (20.8 ± 1.5 y, 172.7 ± 11.2 cm, 69.9 ± 14.2 kg) with navicular drop greater than or equal to 10 mm, no history of surgery to the lower extremity, and no history of pain or injury to the first MTPJ in the past 6 months.Interventions:PPP and MPP were evaluated under 4 areas of the foot: the rear foot, lateral forefoot, medial forefoot, and first MTPJ. Four pad conditions (no pad, metatarsal dome, U-shaped pad, and donut-shaped pad) were evaluated during slow running. All measurements were taken on a standardized treadmill using the Pedar in-shoe pressure-measurement system.Main Outcome Measures:PPP and MPP in 4 designated foot masks during slow running.Results:The metatarsal dome produced significant decreases in MPP (163.07 ± 49.46) and PPP (228.73 ± 63.41) when compared with no pad (P < .001). The U-shaped pad significantly decreased MPP (168.68 ± 50.26) when compared with no pad (P < .001). The donut-shaped pad increased PPP compared with no pad (P < .001).Conclusions:The metatarsal dome was most effective in reducing both peak and mean plantar pressure. Other factors such as pad comfort, type of activity, and material availability must also be considered. Further research should be conducted on the applicability to other foot types and symptomatic subjects.

Pain Perception during Repeated Ice-Bath Immersion of the Ankle at Varied Temperatures

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haydee G. Galvan ◽  
Amanda J. Tritsch ◽  
Richard Tandy ◽  
Mack D. Rubley
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Perceived Pain ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Training Research

Context:Ice-bath temperatures range from 1 to 15ºC; the pain response during treatment might be temperature specific.Objective:To determine levels of perceived pain during ice-bath immersion at distinct temperatures.Design:2 (sex) × 3 (temperature) × 9 (treatment time).Setting:Athletic training research laboratory.Participants:32 healthy subjects.Intervention:Ankle immersion in 1, 10, and 15°C ice baths for 20 minutes.Main Outcome Measures:Discomfort measured by the Borg scale of perceived pain at immersion for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 minutes.Results:The magnitude of pain felt depended on treatment temperature (F18,522= 11.65,P< .0001). Pain ratings were 43% higher for 1ºC than 10ºC and 70% higher than 15ºC, and ratings at 10ºC were 46% higher than at 15ºC.Conclusions:Pain depends on treatment temperature. Patients might report inconsistent pain ratings with varying temperature.

scholarly journals Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Newell ◽  
Janet Simon ◽  
Carrie L. Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Navicular Drop ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Training Research

Context Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular height. Few researchers have studied navicular height and plantar pressures after physical activity. Objective To determine if taping techniques effectively support the arch during exercise. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered. Intervention(s) All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular height and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced. Main Outcome Measure(s) The dependent variables were navicular height in millimeters and plantar pressures in kilopascals. Plantar pressures were divided into 5 regions: medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, lateral rearfoot, and medial rearfoot. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable. Results Navicular height was higher immediately after application of the navicular-sling condition (P = .004) but was reduced after 5 minutes of treadmill running (P = .12). We observed no differences from baseline to posttape for navicular height for the low-dye (P = .30) and no-tape conditions (P = .25). Both the low-dye and navicular-sling conditions increased plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot region compared with the no-tape condition. The low-dye condition created decreased pressure in the medial and lateral forefoot regions compared with the no-tape condition. All changes were identified immediately after application and were maintained during running. No changes were noted in plantar pressures for the no-tape condition (P &gt; .05). Conclusions Both taping techniques effectively changed plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot, and these changes were sustained throughout the 15 minutes of exercise.

Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽  
Guillermo Vallejo ◽  
Paula Fernández ◽  
Ellián Tuero-Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document