Optimal Peak Power in Relation to Age, Body Size, Gender, and Thigh Muscle Volume

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amândio M.C. Santos ◽  
Neil Armstrong ◽  
Mark B. A. De Ste Croix ◽  
Peter Sharpe ◽  
Joanne R. Welsman
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Age Range

These studies used multilevel modelling to examine optimised peak power (PPopt) from a force velocity test over the age range 12–14 years. In the first study, body mass, stature, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses of boys and girls, aged 12.3 ± 0.3 y at the onset of the study, were measured on four occasions at 6 monthly intervals. The analysis was founded on 146 PPopt determinations (79 from boys and 67 from girls). Body mass and stature were significant explanatory variables with sum of two skinfolds exerting an additional effect. No gender differences were evident but PPopt increased with age. In the second study, thigh muscle volume (TMV) was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging at test occasions two and four. The analysis, founded on a subsample of 67 PPopt determinations (39 from boys and 28 from girls), demonstrated TMV to be a significant additional explanatory variable alongside body mass and stature with neither age nor gender making a significant contribution to PPopt. Together the studies demonstrate the influence of body size and TMV on young people’s PPopt.

Allometric Scaling of Force-velocity Test Output Among Pre-pubertal Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo V. Martinho ◽  
Rafael Baptista ◽  
Anderson S. Teixeira ◽  
Joao P. Duarte ◽  
Joao Valente-dos-Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Force Velocity

AbstractBasketball is characterized by high-intensity episodes predominantly reliant on anaerobic metabolism. The force-velocity test enables individual determination of an optimal braking force and emerged as appropriate to estimate optimal peak power. It has rarely been used in youth basketball. This study aimed to examine the contribution of body size, composition, and biological maturation to interindividual variation in force-velocity test output among pre-pubertal basketball players. The sample consisted of 64 male participants (8.4–12.3 years). Stature, sitting height, body mass and two skinfolds were measured, and leg length estimated. Fat-free mass and lower limb volume were estimated from anthropometry. Age at peak height velocity was predicted from maturity offset. Optimal peak power was correlated with all body size descriptors (correlation: 0.541–0.700). Simple allometric models explained 30–47% of inter-individual variance, with fat-free mass being the best predictor of performance. Whole-body fat-free mass (as a surrogate for active muscle mass) plus the indicator of maturation emerged as the best proportional allometric model (53% explained variance). Even at pre-pubertal ages, the interpretation of the force-velocity test requires assessing the metabolically active component of body mass.

scholarly journals Influence of sex-specific concurrent changes in age, maturity status, and morphological covariates on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10–17-year-olds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong ◽  
Jo Welsman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Allometric Models ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Temporal Spacing

Abstract Purposes (i) To investigate the influence of concurrent changes in age, maturity status, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10–17-year-olds; and, (ii) to evaluate the interpretation of paediatric norm tables of peak ventilatory variables. Methods Multiplicative multilevel modelling which allows both the number of observations per individual and the temporal spacing of the observations to vary was used to analyze the expired ventilation (peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$ V ˙ E ) and tidal volume (peak VT) at peak oxygen uptake of 420 (217 boys) 10–17-year-olds. Models were founded on 1053 (550 from boys) determinations of peak ventilatory variables supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. Results In sex-specific, multiplicative allometric models, concurrent changes in body mass and skinfold thicknesses (as a surrogate of FFM) and age were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$ V ˙ E , once these covariates had been controlled for stature had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$ V ˙ E . Concurrent changes in age, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak VT. Maturity status had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on either peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$ V ˙ E or peak VT once age and morphological covariates had been controlled for. Conclusions Elucidation of the sex-specific development of peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$ V ˙ E requires studies which address concurrent changes in body mass, skinfold thicknesses, and age. Stature is an additional explanatory variable in the development of peak VT, in both sexes. Paediatric norms based solely on age or stature or body mass are untenable.

The influence of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. H2059-H2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Chantler ◽  
R. E. Clements ◽  
L. Sharp ◽  
K. P. George ◽  
L.-B. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Physiological Variable ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Separate Regression

The purpose of this study was to determine the best scaling method to account for the effects of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function and subsequently the interpretation of data based on cardiac power output (CPO). CPO was measured at rest (CPOrest) and at maximal exercise (CPOmax) on 88 and 103 healthy but untrained men and women, respectively, over the age range of 20–70 yr. Cardiac reserve (CR) was calculated as CPOmax − CPOrest. CPOrest, CPOmax, and CR were all significantly related to body mass (BM), body surface area (BSA), and lean body mass (LBM). The linear regression model failed to completely normalize these measurements. In contrast, the allometric model produced size-independent values of CPO. Furthermore, all the assumptions associated with the allometric model were achieved. For CPOrest, mean body size exponents were BM0.33, BSA0.60, and LBM0.47. For CPOmax, the exponents were BM0.41, BSA0.81, and LBM0.71. For CR, mean body size exponents were BM0.44, BSA0.87, and LBM0.79. LBM was identified (from the root-mean-squares errors of the separate regression models) as the best physiological variable (based on its high metabolic activity) to be scaled in the allometric model. Scaling of CPO to LBM b (where b is the scaling exponent) dramatically reduced the between-gender differences with only a 7% difference in CPOrest and CPOmax values. In addition, the gender difference in CR was completely removed. To avoid erroneous interpretations and conclusions being made when comparing data between men and women of different ages, the allometric scaling of CPO to LBM b would seem crucial.

scholarly journals Peak Oxygen Uptake Responses to Training in Obese Adolescents: A Multilevel Allometric Framework to Partition the Influence of Body Size and Maturity Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Humberto M. Carvalho ◽  
Gerusa E. Milano ◽  
Wendell A. Lopes ◽  
António J. Figueiredo ◽  
Rosana B. Radominski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

The influence of body size and maturation on the responses in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) to a 12-week aerobic training and nutritional intervention in obese boys (; 10–16 years) was examined using multilevel allometric regressions. Anthropometry, sexual maturity status, peak VO2, and body composition were measured pre- and postintervention. Significant decrements for body mass, body mass indexz-score, and waist circumference and increments for stature, fat-free mass, and peak oxygen uptake were observed after intervention. Partitioning body size on peak VO2, the responses of the individuals to training were positive (11.8% to 12.7% for body mass; 7.6% to 8.1% for fat-free mass). Body mass and fat-free mass were found as significant explanatory variables, with an additional positive effect for chronological. The allometric coefficients () in the initial models were and for body mass and fat-free mass, respectively. The coefficients decreased when age was considered ( for body mass; for fat-free mass). Including maturity indicator in the models was not significant, thus the influence of variability in sexual maturity status in responses to exercise-based intervention in peak VO2may be mediated by the changes in body dimensions.

scholarly journals Training, muscle volume, and energy expenditure in nonobese American girls

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Eliakim ◽  
Tim Scheett ◽  
Nicki Allmendinger ◽  
Jo Anne Brasel ◽  
Dan M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Allometric Analysis ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Prepubertal Girls

Little is known about the relationship among training, energy expenditure, muscle volume, and fitness in prepubertal girls. Because physical activity is high in prepubertal children, we hypothesized that there would be no effect of training. Forty pre- and early pubertal (mean age 9.1 ± 0.1 yr) nonobese girls enrolled in a 5 day/wk summer school program for 5 wk and were randomized to control ( n = 20) or training groups ( n = 20; 1.5 h/day, endurance-type exercise). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labeled water, thigh muscle volume using magnetic resonance imaging, and peak O2uptake (V˙o 2 peak) using cycle ergometry. TEE was significantly greater (17%, P < 0.02) in the training girls. Training increased thigh muscle volume (+4.3 ± 0.9%, P < 0.005) andV˙o 2 peak (+9.5 ± 6%, P < 0.05), effects surprisingly similar to those observed in adolescent girls using the same protocol (Eliakim A, Barstow TJ, Brasel JA, Ajie H, Lee W-NP, Renslo R, Berman N, and Cooper DM, J Pediatr 129: 537–543, 1996). We further compared these two sample populations: thigh muscle volume per weight was much lower in adolescent compared with prepubertal girls (17.0 ± 0.3 vs. 27.8 ± 0.6 ml/kg body mass; P < 0.001), and allometric analysis revealed remarkably low scaling factors relating muscle volume (0.34 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001), TEE (0.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.0004), andV˙o 2 peak (0.28 ± 0.07, P < 0.0001) to body mass in all subjects. Muscle and cardiorespiratory functions were quite responsive to brief training in prepubertal girls. Moreover, a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis suggests that increases in muscle mass andV˙o 2 peak may be depressed in nonobese American girls as they mature.

scholarly journals Comparing Muscle Function of Children and Adults: Effects of Scaling for Muscle Size

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Barrett ◽  
Drew Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximal Effort

This study examined the force-velocity and power-velocity relationships of the quadriceps muscles of children and adults. Measurements of muscle function were collected using the Con-Trex isokinetic dynamometer. Twenty adults and twenty children performed maximal effort knee extensions at nine different velocities. The mean force-velocity curves of children and adults revealed obvious differences between the groups. The curves remained different following corrections of torque for CSA and velocity for length. ANOVA revealed significant differences in the uncorrected values of power between the two groups. When power values were corrected for lean thigh muscle volume, no significant differences were found between the groups. These findings suggest that differences in muscle strength between children and adults are a function of muscle size and imply that muscle function remains relatively unchanged from childhood to early adulthood.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Prediction Formula of Wingate Test Peak Power From Force–Velocity Test in Male Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Development And Validation

Peak power of the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), either in W (Ppeak) or in W.kg–1 (rPpeak), has been widely used to evaluate the performance of soccer players; however, its relationship with force–velocity (F-v) test (e.g., whether these tests can be used interchangeably) has received little scientific attention so far. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a prediction equation of Ppeak and rPpeak from F-v characteristics in male soccer players. Participants were 158 adult male soccer players (sport experience 11.4 ± 4.5 years, mean ± standard deviation, approximately five weekly training units, age 22.6 ± 3.9 years, body mass 74.8 ± 7.8 kg, and height 178.3 ± 7.8 cm) who performed both WAnT and F-v test. An experimental (EXP, n = 79) and a control group (CON, n = 79) were used for development and validation, respectively, of the prediction equation of Ppeak and rPpeak from F-v test. In EXP, Ppeak correlated very largely with body mass (r = 0.787), fat-free mass (r = 0.765), largely with maximal power of F-v test (Pmax; r = 0.639), body mass index (r = 0.603), height (r = 0.558), moderately with theoretical maximal force (F0; r = 0.481), percentage of body fat (r = 0.471), fat mass (r = 0.443, p &lt; 0.001); rPpeak correlated with rPmax (largely; r = 0.596, p &lt; 0.001), theoretical maximal velocity (v0; moderately; r = 0.341, p = 0.002), F0 (small magnitude; r = 0.280, p = 0.012), BF (r = −0.230, p = 0.042), and fat mass (r = −0.242, p = 0.032). Ppeak in EXP could be predicted using the formula “44.251 + 7.431 × body mass (kg) + 0.576 × Pmax (W) – 19.512 × F0” (R = 0.912, R2 = 0.833, standard error of estimate (SEE) = 42.616), and rPpeak from “3.148 + 0.218 × rPmax (W.kg–1) + v0 (rpm)” (R = 0.765, R2 = 0.585, SEE = 0.514). Applying these formulas in CON, no bias was observed between the actual and the predicted Ppeak (mean difference 2.5 ± 49.8 W; 95% CI, −8.7, 13.6; p = 0.661) and rPpeak (mean difference 0.05 ± 0.71 W.kg–1; 95% CI, −0.11, 0.21, p = 0.525). These findings provided indirect estimates of Ppeak of the WAnT, especially useful in periods when this test should not be applied considering the fatigue it causes; in this context, the F-v test can be considered as an alternative of exercise testing for estimating the average Ppeak of a group of soccer players rather than for predicting individual scores when the interindividual variation of performance is small.

Relationships Between Olympic Weightlifting Exercises, Peak Power of the Upper and Lower Limb, Muscle Volume and Throwing Ball Velocity in Elite Male Handball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 104-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhail Hermassi ◽  
Karl Stefan Delank ◽  
Georg Fieseler ◽  
Thomas Bartels ◽  
Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Lower Limb Muscle ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Force Velocity

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate relationships between peak power (PP) as measured by upper limb (PPUL) and lower limb (PPLL) force velocity tests, maximal upper limb force assessed by clean and jerk (1RMCJ) and snatch (1RMSE) exercises, estimates of local muscle volume and throwing ball velocity. Methods Thirty elite male handball players volunteered for the investigation (age: 20.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.5 ± 10.5 kg; height: 1.85 ± 0,07 %; body fat: 13.1 ± 2.1 %). Lower and upper limb force velocity tests were performed on appropriately modified forms of a Monark cycle ergometer with measurement of PPUL and PPLL, and the corresponding respective maximal forces (F0UL and F0LL) and velocities (V0UL and V0LL). Snatched (SN) and clean and jerk (CJ) exercises were performed to one repetition maximum (1RM). Handball throwing velocity was measured with jump shot (JS) without run-up (TW) and 3 steps shot (T3 step). Muscle volumes of the upper and lower limbs were estimated with a standard anthropometric kit. Results The 1RM CJ proved to be the most important predictor for throwing velocity. All types of throwing showed a high correlation with this parameter (JS: r = 0.75; TW: r = 0.62; T3 step: r = 0.66). The highest relation was detected between jump shot and 1RM snatch technique (r = 0.82). The PPUL muscle volume correlated highly with PPUL absolute power (r = 0.70). In contrast, we did not find any comparable relations for the lower limb (muscle volume vs. PPUL absolute power: r = 0.07). Conclusions Our results highlight the contribution of both lower and upper limbs to handball throwing velocity, suggesting the need for coaches to include upper and lower limb strength weightlifting exercises and power programs when improving the throwing velocity of handball players.

scholarly journals Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
Gregorio Moreno-Rueda ◽  
Abelardo Requena-Blanco ◽  
Francisco J Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas ◽  
Guillem Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Pelophylax Perezi

Abstract Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.

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