Group Norms in Youth Sport: Role of Personal and Social Factors

The purpose of this study was to investigate youth athletes’ perceptions of group norms for competition, practice, and social setting contexts in relation to personal and social factors. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine the interactions of the personal and situation factors on perceptions of group norms. Participants included 424 athletes from 35 high school sport teams who completed a survey assessing team norms in competition, practice, and social settings. Multilevel analysis results revealed differences in group norms by gender as well as gender by team tenure and gender by sport type interactions. Female teams held higher perceptions of norms for competition, practice, and social settings than male teams. Interactions between gender and team tenure and gender and sport type revealed significant differences in practice norms. No differences were found in norms by group size. The findings suggest that examining the characteristics of the team members (i.e., gender, team tenure) and team (i.e., type of sport) may enhance our understanding of group norms in a youth sport setting.

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Coaching on the Talent Pathway: Understanding the Influence of Developmental Experiences on Coaching Philosophy

International Sport Coaching Journal ◽

10.1123/iscj.2019-0099 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Graham G. Williams ◽

Áine MacNamara

Keyword(s):

Youth Development ◽

Critical Role ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Individual Development ◽

Compelling Evidence ◽

High Quality ◽

Developmental Experiences ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Youth Athlete

There is compelling evidence supporting the critical role of high-quality coaching practice in supporting talented youth athletes through and beyond the talent pathway. The purpose of this study was to explore the coaching philosophies of ex-talent pathway athletes and how the meaning and purpose of their coaching in a talent pathway was influenced by their previous pathway experience. Nine participants were purposefully sampled based on their prior involvement as a youth athlete in a talent pathway and current involvement coaching in a talent pathway. The participants identified how their pathway experience influenced their coaching philosophy and applied coaching practice. Specifically, the participants described how their own youth sport experience influenced their current coaching practice through the formation of a developmental coaching philosophy, through their applied coaching practice orientated towards supporting individual development, and by using their previous pathway experience to support coaching success. These findings suggest that the philosophy underpinning talent pathway coaches’ practice was influenced by their own pathway experience, and the purpose of their practice was orientated to positively impact youth development for and beyond sport. Thus, talent pathways in sport have the capability to be recognised as positively influencing the developmental experiences of future coaching practitioners.

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Feminist Radical Empiricism, Values, and Evidence

Hypatia ◽

10.1111/hypa.12221 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 58-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Audrey Yap

Keyword(s):

Social Change ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Social Factors ◽

Value Change ◽

Radical Empiricism ◽

And Gender ◽

Feminist Epistemologies ◽

The Way

Feminist epistemologies consider ways in which gender (among other social factors) influences knowledge. In this article, I want to consider a particular kind of feminist empiricism that has been called feminist radical empiricism (where the empiricism, not the feminism, is radical). I am particularly interested in this view's treatment of values as empirical, and consequently up for revision on the basis of empirical evidence. Proponents of this view cite the fact that it allows us to talk about certain things such as racial and gender equality as objective facts: not just whether we have achieved said equality in our society, but whether we are, in fact, all equal. I will raise the concern that the way in which they model the role of values in epistemology may be a problematic idealization of the open‐mindedness of human agents. In some cases, resistance to value‐change cannot be diagnosed as a failure to respond adequately to evidence. If so, the strategy of empirically testing our values that some feminist radical empiricists suggest may not be as useful a tool for social change as they think.

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The Role of Sexual and Gender Identity in Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy for Comorbid Social Anxiety and Depression in an Adolescent Female

Clinical Case Studies ◽

10.1177/1534650118788668 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 311-327

Author(s):

Gretchen Kurdziel ◽

Leticia Y. Flores ◽

Jenny Macfie

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Adolescent Female ◽

Social Settings ◽

Social Discomfort ◽

And Gender

Adolescence is a time of significant change with social, cognitive, and emotional alternations, and growth of autonomy and identity. This is a single clinical case study that uses long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with an adolescent female diagnosed with comorbid social anxiety and persistent depression. The treatment initially focused on addressing the patient’s self-esteem, perfectionism, and self-criticism. During the treatment it was revealed that the patient’s sexual and gender identity contributed to social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and the therapy conceptualized the role of these identities as contributing to social discomfort which perpetuated her depressive symptoms. Through accepting her budding sexual and gender identity, the patient successfully became more comfortable in social settings which ultimately alleviated her depressive symptoms. This treatment highlights the unique nature of working with an adolescent apart of the sexual and gender minority, and how these identities contributed to her experience of social anxiety and depression.

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Development of Relationship to Sport: Sport Biographies of German Women

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal ◽

10.1123/wspaj.7.1.151 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 151-169

Author(s):

Gertrud Pfister

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Health It ◽

Female Population ◽

Sport Commitment ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Different Types ◽

Individual Decisions ◽

And Gender

In Germany there is a huge discrepancy between positive attitudes toward physical activity and actual practice of sport. According to representative studies more than 80% of the population is convinced that for various reasons, especially those of health, it is very important to take up a sport (Kaschuba, 1989). However, only 21% of the male and no more than 14% of the female population (older than 14) were reported to practice a sport at least once a week (Opaschowski, 1995).This article focuses on the question of how a relationship to sport develops in the course of the lives of girls and women. The empirical data derives from a project on “Sport in the Lives of Women” in which women active in football (soccer), gymnastics/aerobics and tennis were interviewed about their biographies and their experience with physical activities. The theoretical background is based on approaches towards life course and biography, gender and gender relations, and socialization. Typical patterns of sport involvement in the different stages of life, e.g. the important role of the parents in early childhood and the importance of peers at school were found.,.In addition, different types of sport commitment could be identified. Certain patterns, for example, were dependent on the combination of the simultaneous practice of different types of sport and the alternation between practice and non-practice of sport. In this way it was possible to distinguish between all-round sportswomen and women who practice sport for reasons of health. In general, sport biographies develop through the close interaction of social factors and individual decisions.

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Liars, Cheaters, and Short-Haired Girls: Gender Identity Denial of Young Athletes

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal ◽

10.1123/wspaj.2019-0055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 140-150

Author(s):

Julie Minikel-Lacocque

Keyword(s):

Gender Identity ◽

Sport Management ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Young Athletes ◽

Gender Nonconforming ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Field Notes ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender

Gender-based discrimination in sport is omnipresent and manifests in various forms, including unequal pay, disparate access to facilities, and imbalanced media exposure. This discrimination also extends to those female athletes who do not meet stereotypical notions of how females should look and how they should move on the sporting field. Four gender nonconforming youth athletes who have faced gender and gender-identity discrimination in sport were recruited for this study, as well as their families and two of their coaches. A qualitative case study was conducted and data from in-depth interviews with each participant, one focus group with the young athletes, and observational field notes are analyzed. Through the lens of Critical Feminist Theory, this study examines the gender and gender-identity discrimination these young athletes have endured, the perpetrators of which are adults charged with organizing and regulating youth sport. The study finds that these athletes are repeatedly accused of lying about their identities, that they are often subjected to gender identity denial, and that their bodies are routinely policed and objectified. Implications for institutions of higher education, sport management, coaches, referees, and fans are discussed and include targeted education on nuanced understandings of gender, sex, misgendering, and gender identity denial. This study also calls for sport to believe youth athletes regarding their identities as well as for a re-examination of the gendered structure of youth sport.

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Preaspiration in Hebrides English

Journal of the International Phonetic Association ◽

10.1017/s002510031700007x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 155-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ian Clayton

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Scottish Gaelic ◽

Place Of Articulation ◽

Vowel Context ◽

Word Position ◽

And Gender ◽

Phonetic Study

Preaspirated voiceless stops, a well-documented feature of Scottish Gaelic (Ní Chasaide 1985, Clayton 2010, Nance & Stuart-Smith 2013), have also been reported in the English spoken in the Hebrides island chain (Borgstrøm 1940, Wells 1982, Shuken 1984). However, a detailed description of preaspiration in Hebrides English has previously been unavailable. This paper presents the results of a phonetic study of preaspirated voiceless stops in Hebrides English, based on the speech of 24 English–Scottish Gaelic bilinguals from nine regions within the Hebrides island chain. The paper describes the effect of linguistic features on the duration and frequency of preaspiration, including place of articulation, word position, and vowel context. The paper also considers the role of social factors, including speakers’ geographic origin, age, and gender, finding that preaspiration is more frequent among women and among older speakers, especially older female speakers from Lewis. The paper concludes that preaspiration is likely to be an obsolescent feature in Hebrides English, rather than an innovative feature as in other varieties of English such as Tyneside or Aberystwyth (Docherty & Foulkes 1999, Foulkes, Docherty & Watt 2001, Hejná 2015).

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