scholarly journals Cavefish brain atlases reveal functional and anatomical convergence across independently evolved populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (38) ◽  
pp. eaba3126
Author(s):  
James B. Jaggard ◽  
Evan Lloyd ◽  
Anders Yuiska ◽  
Adam Patch ◽  
Yaouen Fily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Behavioral Evolution ◽  
Hunting Behavior ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
And Function

Environmental perturbation can drive behavioral evolution and associated changes in brain structure and function. The Mexican fish species, Astyanax mexicanus, includes eyed river-dwelling surface populations and multiple independently evolved populations of blind cavefish. We used whole-brain imaging and neuronal mapping of 684 larval fish to generate neuroanatomical atlases of surface fish and three different cave populations. Analyses of brain region volume and neural circuits associated with cavefish behavior identified evolutionary convergence in hindbrain and hypothalamic expansion, and changes in neurotransmitter systems, including increased numbers of catecholamine and hypocretin/orexin neurons. To define evolutionary changes in brain function, we performed whole-brain activity mapping associated with behavior. Hunting behavior evoked activity in sensory processing centers, while sleep-associated activity differed in the rostral zone of the hypothalamus and tegmentum. These atlases represent a comparative brain-wide study of intraspecies variation in vertebrates and provide a resource for studying the neural basis of behavioral evolution.

scholarly journals Cavefish brain atlases reveal functional and anatomical convergence across independently evolved populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Jaggard ◽  
Evan Lloyd ◽  
Anders Yuiska ◽  
Adam Patch ◽  
Yaouen Fily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Behavioral Evolution ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Atlases

AbstractEnvironmental perturbation can drive the evolution of behavior and associated changes in brain structure and function. The generation of computationally-derived whole-brain atlases have provided insight into neural connectivity associated with behavior in many model systems. However, these approaches have not been used to study the evolution of brain structure in vertebrates. The Mexican tetra, A. mexicanus, comprises river-dwelling surface fish and multiple independently evolved populations of blind cavefish, providing a unique opportunity to identify neuroanatomical and functional differences associated with behavioral evolution. We employed intact brain imaging and image registration on 684 larval fish to generate neuroanatomical atlases of surface fish and three different cave populations. Analyses of brain regions and neural circuits associated with behavioral regulation identified convergence on hypothalamic expansion, as well as changes in transmitter systems including elevated numbers of catecholamine and hypocretin neurons in cavefish populations. To define evolutionarily-derived changes in brain function, we performed whole brain activity mapping associated with feeding and sleep. Feeding evoked neural activity in different sensory processing centers in surface and cavefish. We also identified multiple brain regions with sleep-associated activity across all four populations, including the rostral zone of the hypothalamus and tegmentum. Together, these atlases represent the first comparative brain-wide study of intraspecies variation in a vertebrate model, and provide a resource for studying the neural basis underlying behavioral evolution.

Beautiful minds (i.e., brains) and the neural basis of intelligence

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Haier ◽  
Rex E. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Empirical Framework

AbstractThe commentaries address conceptual issues ranging from our narrow focus on neuroimaging to the various definitions of intelligence. The integration of the P-FIT and data from cognitive neuroscience is particularly important and considerable consistency is found. Overall, the commentaries affirm that advances in neuroscience techniques have caused intelligence research to enter a new phase. The P-FIT is recognized as a reasonable empirical framework to test hypotheses about the relationship of brain structure and function with intelligence and reasoning.

scholarly journals Desikan-Killiany-Tourville Atlas Compatible Version of M-CRIB Neonatal Parcellated Whole Brain Atlas: The M-CRIB 2.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Alexander ◽  
Wai Yen Loh ◽  
Lillian G. Matthews ◽  
Andrea L. Murray ◽  
Chris Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Postmenstrual Age ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ventral Diencephalon

AbstractOur recently published M-CRIB atlas comprises 100 neonatal brain regions including 68 compatible with the widely-used Desikan-Killiany adult cortical atlas. A successor to the Desikan-Killiany atlas is the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville atlas, in which some regions with unclear boundaries were removed, and many existing boundaries were revised to conform to clearer landmarks in sulcal fundi. Our first aim here was to modify cortical M-CRIB regions to comply with the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville protocol, in order to offer: a) compatibility with this adult cortical atlas, b) greater labelling accuracy due to clearer landmarks, and c) optimisation of cortical regions for integration with surface-based infant parcellation pipelines. Secondly, we aimed to update subcortical regions in order to offer greater compatibility with subcortical segmentations produced in FreeSurfer. Data utilized were the T2-weighted MRI scans in our M-CRIB atlas, for ten healthy neonates (postmenstrual age at MRI 40-43 weeks, 4 female), and corresponding parcellated images. Edits were performed on the parcellated images in volume space using ITK-SNAP. Cortical updates included deletion of frontal and temporal poles and ‘Banks STS’, and modification of boundaries of many other regions. Changes to subcortical regions included the addition of ‘ventral diencephalon’, and deletion of ‘subcortical matter’ labels. A detailed updated parcellation protocol was produced. The resulting whole-brain M-CRIB 2.0 atlas comprises 94 regions altogether. This atlas provides comparability with adult Desikan-Killiany-Tourville-labelled cortical data and FreeSurfer-labelled subcortical data, and is more readily adaptable for incorporation into surface-based neonatal parcellation pipelines. As such, it offers the ability to help facilitate a broad range of investigations into brain structure and function both at the neonatal time point and developmentally across the lifespan.

Neural Basis of Apathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-190
Author(s):  
Ingrid Agartz ◽  
Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
White Matter Microstructure ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

This chapter introduces structural neuroimaging methods and presents results from brain imaging studies of the clinical apathy syndrome in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and stroke, and also in schizophrenia, today considered a neurodevelopmental disease. The main method used has been magnetic resonance imaging, which also holds many innovative possibilities for future development. Scientific studies so far have pointed to structural differences in frontal, striatal, anterior cingulate, and parietal brain regions, and of white matter microstructure and connectivity changes as being involved in the apathy syndrome. No single circuit connected to apathy has so far been identified. Brain structure and function, studied at the systems network level, and integrative multimodal imaging approaches, which combine different high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance diffusion, and positron emission tomography techniques, can be helpful in resolving future questions.

scholarly journals A Window into the Brain: Advances in Psychiatric fMRI

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Zhan ◽  
Rongjun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Communication ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays a key role in modern psychiatric research. It provides a means to assay differences in brain systems that underlie psychiatric illness, treatment response, and properties of brain structure and function that convey risk factor for mental diseases. Here we review recent advances in fMRI methods in general use and progress made in understanding the neural basis of mental illness. Drawing on concepts and findings from psychiatric fMRI, we propose that mental illness may not be associated with abnormalities in specific local regions but rather corresponds to variation in the overall organization of functional communication throughout the brain network. Future research may need to integrate neuroimaging information drawn from different analysis methods and delineate spatial and temporal patterns of brain responses that are specific to certain types of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Study of Brain Structure and Function in Chronic Mountain Sickness Based on fMRI

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haihua Bao ◽  
Xin He ◽  
Fangfang Wang ◽  
Dongjie Kang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Spontaneous Brain Activity ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Left Middle

Objective: Headache and memory impairment are the primary clinical symptoms of chronic mountain sickness (CMS). In this study, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and the amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuation method (ALFF) based on blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) to identify changes in the brain structure and function caused by CMS.Materials and Methods: T1W anatomical images and a resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) of the whole brain were performed in 24 patients diagnosed with CMS and 25 normal controls matched for age, sex, years of education, and living altitude. MRI images were acquired, followed by VBM and ALFF data analyses.Results: Compared with the control group, the CMS group had increased gray matter volume in the left cerebellum crus II area, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, right insula, right caudate nucleus, and bilateral lentiform nucleus along with decreased gray matter volume in the left middle occipital gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus. White matter was decreased in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus and increased in the right Heschl's gyrus. Resting-state fMRI in patients with CMS showed increased spontaneous brain activity in the left supramarginal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus along with decreased spontaneous brain activity in the right cerebellum crus I area and right supplementary motor area.Conclusion: Patients with CMS had differences in gray and white matter volume and abnormal spontaneous brain activity in multiple brain regions compared to the controls. This suggests that long-term chronic hypoxia may induce changes in brain structure and function, resulting in CMS.

scholarly journals Grey matter volume and thickness abnormalities in young people with a history of childhood abuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lim ◽  
H. Hart ◽  
M. Mehta ◽  
A. Worker ◽  
A. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Function

BackgroundChildhood abuse is associated with abnormalities in brain structure and function. Few studies have investigated abuse-related brain abnormalities in medication-naïve, drug-free youth that also controlled for psychiatric comorbidities by inclusion of a psychiatric control group, which is crucial to disentangle the effects of abuse from those associated with the psychiatric conditions.MethodsCortical volume (CV), cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) were measured in 22 age- and gender-matched medication-naïve youth (aged 13–20) exposed to childhood abuse, 19 psychiatric controls matched for psychiatric diagnoses and 27 healthy controls. Both region-of-interest (ROI) and whole-brain analyses were conducted.ResultsFor the ROI analysis, the childhood abuse group compared with healthy controls only, had significantly reduced CV in bilateral cerebellum and reduced CT in left insula and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). At the whole-brain level, relative to healthy controls, the childhood abuse group showed significantly reduced CV in left lingual, pericalcarine, precuneus and superior parietal gyri, and reduced CT in left pre-/postcentral and paracentral regions, which furthermore correlated with greater abuse severity. They also had increased CV in left inferior and middle temporal gyri relative to healthy controls. Abnormalities in the precuneus, temporal and precentral regions were abuse-specific relative to psychiatric controls, albeit at a more lenient level. Groups did not differ in SA.ConclusionsChildhood abuse is associated with widespread structural abnormalities in OFC–insular, cerebellar, occipital, parietal and temporal regions, which likely underlie the abnormal affective, motivational and cognitive functions typically observed in this population.

Emotional Reactivity to Visual Content as Revealed by ERP Component Clustering

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Wyczesany ◽  
Szczepan J. Grzybowski ◽  
Jan Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the study, the neural basis of emotional reactivity was investigated. Reactivity was operationalized as the impact of emotional pictures on the self-reported ongoing affective state. It was used to divide the subjects into high- and low-responders groups. Independent sources of brain activity were identified, localized with the DIPFIT method, and clustered across subjects to analyse the visual evoked potentials to affective pictures. Four of the identified clusters revealed effects of reactivity. The earliest two started about 120 ms from the stimulus onset and were located in the occipital lobe and the right temporoparietal junction. Another two with a latency of 200 ms were found in the orbitofrontal and the right dorsolateral cortices. Additionally, differences in pre-stimulus alpha level over the visual cortex were observed between the groups. The attentional modulation of perceptual processes is proposed as an early source of emotional reactivity, which forms an automatic mechanism of affective control. The role of top-down processes in affective appraisal and, finally, the experience of ongoing emotional states is also discussed.

The ENIGMA Brain Injury Working Group: Approach, Challenges, and Potential Benefits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wilde ◽  
Emily L. Dennis ◽  
David F Tate
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuroimaging Genetics

The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium brings together researchers from around the world to try to identify the genetic underpinnings of brain structure and function, along with robust, generalizable effects of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The recently-formed ENIGMA Brain Injury working group includes 8 subgroups, based largely on injury mechanism and patient population. This introduction to the special issue summarizes the history, organization, and objectives of ENIGMA Brain Injury, and includes a discussion of strategies, challenges, opportunities and goals common across 6 of the subgroups under the umbrella of ENIGMA Brain Injury. The following articles in this special issue, including 6 articles from different subgroups, will detail the challenges and opportunities specific to each subgroup.

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