scholarly journals Shaping quantum photonic states using free electrons

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. eabe4270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ben Hayun ◽  
O. Reinhardt ◽  
J. Nemirovsky ◽  
A. Karnieli ◽  
N. Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Fock State ◽  
Judicious Choice ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Photonic States ◽  
Photonic Cavities ◽  
Electron Interactions

It is a long-standing goal to create light with unique quantum properties such as squeezing and entanglement. We propose the generation of quantum light using free-electron interactions, going beyond their already ubiquitous use in generating classical light. This concept is motivated by developments in electron microscopy, which recently demonstrated quantum free-electron interactions with light in photonic cavities. Such electron microscopes provide platforms for shaping quantum states of light through a judicious choice of the input light and electron states. Specifically, we show how electron energy combs implement photon displacement operations, creating displaced-Fock and displaced-squeezed states. We develop the theory for consecutive electron-cavity interactions with a common cavity and show how to generate any target Fock state. Looking forward, exploiting the degrees of freedom of electrons, light, and their interaction may achieve complete control over the quantum state of the generated light, leading to novel light statistics and correlations.

scholarly journals Shaping Quantum Photonic States Using Free Electrons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Ben Hayun ◽  
Ori Reinhardt ◽  
Jonathan Nemirovsky ◽  
Aviv Karnieli ◽  
Nicholas Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electrons ◽  
Photonic States

Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos D. Danilatos
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Particle Beams ◽  
Charged Particle Beams ◽  
Multiple Collisions ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Low Pressures ◽  
Photon Signal

A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

scholarly journals On some electron properties of tellurium and Wilson's mechanism of semi-conductivity

1935 ◽  
Vol 148 (865) ◽  
pp. 648-664 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Conduction Electrons ◽  
Classical Statistics ◽  
Limiting Case

In a previous investigation it was found that the unusually high value for the Wiedemann-Franz ratio of tellurium could be explained as being only a formal anomally. The amount of heat transferred by the bound atoms is the same in tellurium as in conducting metals; but, in tellurium, in contrast to good conductors, it is responsible for almost the entire heat conductivity because the heat transferred by the free electrons is especially small. This indicates that tellurium differs from true metals in that the density of free electrons is very small. Classical statistics is therefore applicable and the electrical conductivity is given by x = 4/3 e 2 ln (2 πmk T) -5/9 , (1) where n is the density of free (conduction) electrons and l is their mean free path. Taking the specific resistance of tellurium at room temperature as 0.3 ohm-cm and l as 5.2 X 10 -6 cm (Sommerfeld's value for silver, found by applying Fermi-Dirac statistics), n is 2.9 X 10 16 , or about one free electron per million tellurium atoms in contrast to good conductors in which there is approximately one free electron per atom. Even in the limiting case with l = 3.2 X 10 -3 cm (the distance between the tellurium atoms), n is 4.7 X 10 18 which is about one free electron for every 6000 tellurium atoms.

Analysis of USP Laser Induced Ablation Threshold in Transparent Aqueous Tissue

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jiao ◽  
Zhixiong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Ablation Threshold ◽  
Ablation Process ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Free Electron Density ◽  
Avalanche Ionization ◽  
Transparent Media ◽  
First Time

The ultrashort pulsed (USP) laser induced plasma-mediated ablation in transparent media is modeled and studied in this work. We propose that a certain number of free electrons are required to trigger the avalanche ionization for the first time. Based on this assumption, the ablation process is postulated as two separate processes — the multiphoton and avalanche ionizations. For USP laser induced ablation in the transparent corneal epithelium at 800 nm, the critical seed free-electron density and the time to initialize the avalanche ionization for pulse widths from picoseconds down to the femtoseconds range are calculated. It is found that the critical seed free-electron density decreases as the pulse width increases, obeying a tp−5.65 rule. Moreover, this model is also extended to the estimation of crater sizes in USP laser ablation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The crater sizes ablated in a PDMS by a 900 fs pulsed laser at wavelength 1552 nm are modeled using the present model, and the results match with the existing experimental measurements.

Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Gerasimos D. Danilatos
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Particle Beams ◽  
Charged Particle Beams ◽  
Multiple Collisions ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Low Pressures ◽  
Photon Signal

Abstract A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

Reactions of radiation-induced electrons with carbon dioxide in inert cryogenic films: matrix tuning of the excess electron interactions in solids

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (25) ◽  
pp. 14155-14161
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Shiryaeva ◽  
Irina A. Baranova ◽  
Daniil A. Tyurin ◽  
Vladimir I. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Conduction Band ◽  
Excess Electron ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Band Energy ◽  
Solid Films ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Electron Interactions

The attachment of radiation-induced electrons to carbon dioxide in inert solid films is controlled by the conduction band energy of quasi-free electrons in the medium.

scholarly journals Kinematical relations at nonlinear laser field: Free electron interactions

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Körmendi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Charged Particle ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Nonlinear Interaction ◽  
Laser Field ◽  
Frequency Conversion ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Laser Beams ◽  
Electron Interactions

Kinematical relations of nonlinear interaction of laser beams with free charged particles are analyzed. General expressions are found for the number of scattered photons as a function of the number of simultaneously absorbed and/or emitted photons and the kinetic parameters of the charged particle-photon system. The results are applied to the processes of particle acceleration by lasers, frequency conversion, solitonic propagation, and others.

Free-Electron Interactions with Designed van der Waals Materials: Novel Source of Lensed X-ray Radiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xihang Shi ◽  
Michael Shentcis ◽  
Javier García de Abajo ◽  
Ido Kaminer
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Van Der Waals Materials ◽  
Electron Interactions
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