scholarly journals A distinct parabrachial–to–lateral hypothalamus circuit for motivational suppression of feeding by nociception

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
pp. eabe4323
Author(s):  
Siew Cheng Phua ◽  
Yu Lin Tan ◽  
Alison Maun Yeng Kok ◽  
Esra Senol ◽  
Christine Jin Hui Chiam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Feeding Regulation ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
External Stimuli

The motivation to eat is not only shaped by nutrition but also competed by external stimuli including pain. How the mouse hypothalamus, the feeding regulation center, integrates nociceptive inputs to modulate feeding is unclear. Within the key nociception relay center parabrachial nucleus (PBN), we demonstrated that neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamus (LHPBN) are nociceptive yet distinct from danger-encoding central amygdala–projecting (CeAPBN) neurons. Activation of LHPBN strongly suppressed feeding by limiting eating frequency and also reduced motivation to work for food reward. Refined approach-avoidance paradigm revealed that suppression of LHPBN, but not CeAPBN, sustained motivation to obtain food. The effect of LHPBN neurons on feeding was reversed by suppressing downstream LHVGluT2 neurons. Thus, distinct from a circuit for fear and escape responses, LHPBN neurons channel nociceptive signals to LHVGluT2 neurons to suppress motivational drive for feeding. Our study provides a new perspective in understanding feeding regulation by external competing stimuli.

Approach-avoidance dissociations in rat brain

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Olds
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Medial Forebrain Bundle ◽  
Sequential Tests ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Self Stimulation

Two electrode pairs were implanted in each rat, one in dorso-medial tegmentum or medial hypothalamus and one in lateral hypothalamus. Four sequential tests were repeatedly administered in a two-pedal Skinner box: hypothalamic self-stimulation, tegmental self-stimulation, hypothalamic escape, and tegmental escape. Results indicate that with electrodes in medial forebrain bundle regions of hypothalamus, there is self-stimulation but no escape; with electrodes in dorso-medial tegmentum, there is escape but no self-stimulation. In both cases, this holds for all suprathreshold stimulus levels. With electrodes placed more medially in hypothalamus, or lower in tegmentum, the same electrode may yield both self-stimulation and escape depending on the nature of the test.

scholarly journals Galanin-Expressing GABA Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamus Modulate Food Reward and Noncompulsive Locomotion

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (25) ◽  
pp. 6053-6065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Qualls-Creekmore ◽  
Sangho Yu ◽  
Marie Francois ◽  
John Hoang ◽  
Clara Huesing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Gaba Neurons

Regulation of feeding by somatostatin neurons in the tuberal nucleus

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6397) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Xinwei Luo ◽  
Ju Huang ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
Hasan Mohammad ◽  
Chun-Yao Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Stria Terminalis ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Feeding Regulation ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Somatostatin Neurons ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Tuberal Nucleus

The tuberal nucleus (TN) is a surprisingly understudied brain region. We found that somatostatin (SST) neurons in the TN, which is known to exhibit pathological or cytological changes in human neurodegenerative diseases, play a crucial role in regulating feeding in mice. GABAergic tuberal SST (TNSST) neurons were activated by hunger and by the hunger hormone, ghrelin. Activation of TNSST neurons promoted feeding, whereas inhibition reduced it via projections to the paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Ablation of TNSST neurons reduced body weight gain and food intake. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of feeding regulation that operates through orexigenic TNSST neurons, providing a new perspective for understanding appetite changes.

scholarly journals Valence and Intensity of Video Stimuli of Dogs and Conspecifics in Sheep: Approach-Avoidance, Operant Response, and Attention

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Raoult ◽  
Lorenz Gygax
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Operant Response ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Differential Attention ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Automatically Tracking

Stimuli are often presumed to be either negative or positive. However, animals’ judgement of their negativity or positivity cannot generally be assumed. A possibility to assess emotional states in animals elicited by stimuli is to investigate animal preferences and their motivation to gain access to these stimuli. This study’s aim was to assess the valence of social stimuli in sheep. We used silent videos of varying intensity of dogs as negative versus conspecifics as positive stimuli in three approaches: (1) an approach–avoidance paradigm; (2) operant conditioning using the video stimuli as reinforcers; and (3) an attention test. In the latter, we assessed differential attention of sheep to simultaneous projections by automatically tracking sheep head and ear postures and recording brain activity. With these approaches, it was difficult to support that the sheep’s reactions varied according to the stimuli’s presumed valence and intensity. The approach–avoidance paradigm and attention test did not support the assumption that dog videos were more negative than sheep videos, though sheep reacted to the stimuli presented. Results from the operant conditioning indicated that sheep were more prone to avoid videos of moving dogs. Overall, we found that standard video images may not be ideal to represent valence characteristics of stimuli to sheep.

scholarly journals Locally restricted glucose availability in the embryonic hypocotyl determines seed germination under ABA treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyi Xue ◽  
Ya-Chi Yu ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Huiling Xue ◽  
Li-Qing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Uptake Assay ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
External Stimuli

Abiotic stresses directly affect seed germination, plant growth, and reproduction. Seed germination is a complex and energy-demanding process, involving diverse physical, metabolic and cellular events, and is controlled by intrinsic and environmental cues. Abiotic stresses involving abscisic acid (ABA) inhibit seed germination by suppressing physiological processes essential for completion of germination. It remains unclear whether the component tissues of an embryo respond to stress, and are suppressed differentially. Here we used a genetically engineered FRET sensor to show that ABA significantly affected the spatiotemporal distribution of glucose (Glc) in lower hypocotyl region. Transcriptome analysis and 14C-Glc uptake assay suggested that Glc limitation in the embryonic hypocotyl was largely due to suppressed sugar partitioning along with enhanced sugar metabolism. The loss-of-function mutants of ABA-induced sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) genes accumulated more Glc, leading to ABA insensitivity during germination. In addition, we identified molecular signatures that Glc antagonizes ABA by globally counteracting the ABA influence on gene expression, including expansin (EXP) family genes that are inhibited by ABA. This study presents a new perspective on the interaction between ABA and Glc in response to external stimuli, which restricts Glc availability and thereby controls the transition from seed to seedling.

scholarly journals Application of the selected physical methods in biological research

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromír Tlačbaba ◽  
Michal Černý ◽  
Antonín Přidal ◽  
Petr Dostál
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Sound Propagation ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Acoustic Emission Monitoring ◽  
Emission Monitoring ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
External Stimuli

This paper deals with the application of acoustic emission (AE), which is a part of the non-destructive methods, currently having an extensive application. This method is used for measuring the internal defects of materials. AE has a high potential in further research and development to extend the application of this method even in the field of process engineering. For that matter, it is the most elaborate acoustic emission monitoring in laboratory conditions with regard to external stimuli. The aim of the project is to apply the acoustic emission recording the activity of bees in different seasons. The mission is to apply a new perspective on the behavior of colonies by means of acoustic emission, which collects a sound propagation in the material. Vibration is one of the integral part of communication in the community. Sensing colonies with the support of this method is used for understanding of colonies biological behavior to stimuli clutches, colony development etc. Simulating conditions supported by acoustic emission monitoring system the illustrate colonies activity. Collected information will be used to represent a comprehensive view of the life cycle and behavior of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Use of information about the activities of bees gives a comprehensive perspective on using of acoustic emission in the field of biological research.

Effect of Escape versus Non-Escape Responses from the Goal Box during Extinction

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald V. Barrett ◽  
Nils James Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Theoretical System ◽  
Drive Theory ◽  
Escape Responses

Animals were trained in a runway under conditions of food reward and extinguished under conditions which either allowed escape into a second runway or resulted in confinement in the empty goal box (Non-escape group). The hypothesis derived from Hullian theory stated that an Escape group which was forced to perform twice the work of a Non-escape group for an equal number of non-reinforced trials would extinguish faster. The alternative hypothesis derived from elicitation theory predicted the reverse because the Escape group is allowed a compatible escape response from the frustrating situation while the Non-escape group can only make incompatible responses in the nonreinforced goal box which will interfere with the original learned response. The Hullian hypothesis was supported only on the first day of extinction. The following days the Escape group increased their running speed and data supported the elicitation theory. The Non-escape group also failed to extinguish which is hard to explain in terms of either theoretical system. It was suggested that a frustration drive theory might better account for the data.

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