Effect of Oral Administration of Paraquat Pesticide on the Hippocampus and Substantia Nigra in Wistar Rats' Brains: تأثير التجريع الفموي للمبيد العشبي (الباراكوات) على الحصين والمادة السوداء في أدمغة جرذان الويستر

This study aimed to detect the neurohistological damages of chronic exposure to low levels of pesticide (paraquat) in the hippocampus, and substantia nigra in Wistar rats' brains. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low level exposure causes different diseases is controversialIt is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low level exposure than acute poisoning. The anatomical and histological of current study to affected brains showed cells display the cytological changes of herbisecticides-lesioned brain tissue, such as a significant decrease in the size of the brain was observed, as most of its external features disappeared. in addition, we detected vacuolization around cells that degenerated because many reasons like apoptosis or necrosis, and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles were observed at many regions such as the hippocampus and substantia nigra. Moreover extracellular amyloid plaques take fibers form were detected. we also observed degenerated in CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions (molecular layer, polymorphic layer and pyramidal layer) by pigmenting degenerated neurons with silver nitrate with increased astrocytes of glia cells.

Colposcopic and cytological parallels in pregnant women with a history of infertility of various genesis

The state of the cervix was studied in pregnant women with a history of infertility of various genesis by colposcopic and cytological research methods. The data obtained indicate an increased level of precancerous pathology of the cervix in pregnant women with a history of tubo-peritoneal and concomitant infertility, compared with pregnant women who had endocrine infertility. Purpose — to determine the relationship between the nature and severity of colpocoscopic and cytological changes in the cervix in pregnant women who had a history of infertility. Materials and methods. 101 women were examined: 14 pregnant women with a history of endocrine infertility, group 1; 27 pregnant women with a history of tuboperitoneal infertility — group 2; 40 pregnant women, had combined infertility — group 3, 20 healthy pregnant women with no history of infertility — group 4. Methods for assessing the state of the cervix in pregnant women — video colposcopic and cytological (on glass). Results. Normal cytological changes (NILM) were found: in group 1–8 (57.2%), in group 2 — in 15 (55.6%), in group 3 — in 23 (57.5%), in group 4, 14 (70.0%) pregnant women. Benign cytological and ASCUS signs were: in group 1 — in 5 (35.7%), in group 2 — in 6 (22.2%), in group 3 — in 10 (25.0%), in group 4 — in 5 (25%) patients. Precancer (LSIL+HSIL): in group 1 — in 1 (7.1%), in group 2 — in 6 (22.2%), in group III — in 9 (22.5%) women, and in group 4, no precancers were found cytologically. Normal colposcopic signs (stratified squamous epithelium) were found: in group 3 — in 11 (27.5%), in group 2 — in 8 (29.6%), and in group 1 — in 7 (50.0%) pregnant women. And benign colposcopic changes (ectopia, open glands, Nabotovi cysts, deciduosis): in group 3 — in 19 (47.5%), in group 2 — in 16 (59.3%), in group 1 — in 6 (42.9%), in group 4 — in 5 (35.7%) patients. Our data indicate that precancers during colposcopy occurred: in group 3 — in 9 (22.5%), in group 2 — in 3 (11.1%), in group 1 — in 1 (7.1%), in group 4 — in 1 (5.0%) women. No colposcopic signs of invasive growth were found in any of the groups. Conclusions. The study revealed an increased level of precancerous pathology of the cervix in pregnant women with a history of tubo-peritoneal and concomitant infertility. A fairly high percentage of precancerous conditions of the cervix in group 2 — in 6 (22.2%) and in group 3 — in 9 (22.5%) women indicates that in the presence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and other genital infections and with increasing age, the probability self-elimination of the papilloma virus is reduced. After long-term infertility treatment, all pregnant women must undergo a colposcopic examination at the first visit to the antenatal clinic, in addition to taking a cytological smear. If LSIL and HSIL are found in this category of women, colposcopic and cytological control once every 3 months during pregnancy with mandatory HPV PCR HCR. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local ethics committee of all participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Key words: pathology of the cervix, pregnancy after infertility, video colposcopy, cytology.

Breast Cancer and p16: Role in Proliferation, Malignant Transformation and Progression

The definition of new molecular biomarkers could provide a more reliable approach in predicting the prognosis of invasive breast cancers (IBC). The aim of this study is to analyze the expression of p16 protein in IBC, as well as its participation in malignant transformation. The study included 147 patients diagnosed with IBC. The presence of non-invasive lesions (NIL) was noted in each IBC and surrounding tissue. p16 expression was determined by reading the percentage of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression in epithelial cells of IBC and NIL, but also in stromal fibroblasts. Results showed that expression of p16 increases with the progression of cytological changes in the epithelium; it is significantly higher in IBC compared to NIL (p < 0.0005). Cytoplasmic p16 expression is more prevalent in IBC (76.6%), as opposed to nuclear staining, which is characteristic of most NIL (21.1%). There is a difference in p16 expression between different molecular subtypes of IBC (p = 0.025). In the group of p16 positive tumors, pronounced mononuclear infiltrates (p = 0.047) and increased expression of p16 in stromal fibroblasts (p = 0.044) were noted. In conclusion, p16 protein plays an important role in proliferation, malignant transformation, as well as in progression from NIL to IBC.

THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF ORAL FLUID AND BUCCAL EPITHELIUM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

В статье приведены результаты первого опыта сравнительных исследований состояния ротовой жидкости и буккального эпителия у 12 пациентов, страдающих болезнью Альцгеймера, иу 12 лиц без каких-либо признаков когнитивных нарушений. В процессе исследования изучены корреляции провоспалительных и противовоспалительных факторов ротовой жидкости, основных цитологических изменений буккального эпителия с результатами, полученными при нейропсихологическом тестировании с помощью шкал MMSE и ADAS-COG. Данное сравнительное исследование связано с предположением об общности эктодермального происхождения нервной ткани и буккального эпителия, чем могут быть обусловлены системные патологические изменения в тканях единого зародышевого эмбрионального листка. Получены результаты, свидетельствующие о специфичности патологических изменений в ротовой жидкости и буккальном эпителии для болезни Альцгеймера, что позволяет использовать исследование этих материалов для получения дополнительных диагностических маркеров этого заболевания. The article presents the results of the first experience of comparative studies of the state of the oral fluid and buccal epithelium in 12 patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, and in 12 individuals without any signs of cognitive impairment. In the course of the study, the correlative relationships of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors of the oral fluid, the main cytological changes of the buccal epithelium with the results obtained during neuropsychological testing using the MMSE and ADAS-COG scales were studied. This comparative study is associated with the assumption of a common ectodermal origin of the nervous tissue and buccal epithelium, which may be due to systemic pathological changes in the tissues of a single embryonic embryo leaf. The results obtained indicate the specificity of pathological changes in the oral fluid and buccal epithelium for Alzheimer’s disease, which allows us to use the study of these materials to obtain additional diagnostic markers of this disease.

Impression Cytology Screening for Ocular Surface changes in various forms of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Subtropical Central Zone in India

Introduction: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic recurrent allergic disorder of the eye more common in warm and dry climates like central India. Chronic and recurrent nature of disease requires long duration of treatment which leads to changes in ocular surface leading to cytomorphological distortion of goblet cells, that can be evaluated by impression cytology. Clinical presentation and impact of disease on cytomorphology of ocular surface was analysed in various forms of the VKC. The objective of this study was to find correlation of clinical profile and cytomorphological changes in ocular surface in patients with various forms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study analysed 120 eyes of 60 patients of various forms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Detailed history was taken along with complete ophthalmic examination. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis was graded as per Gokhale et al classification. Impression cytology for goblet cell morphology and metaplasia according to classification given by Saini et al was done. Cytological changes were noted for different age groups, duration of disease, and severity of disease. Results: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis was seen more commonly in males and in the second decade of life which shows a changing trend towards higher age. Milder forms were more commonly present than moderate and severe forms. Mostly Grade 2 changes were seen on impression cytology. Conclusion: Increasing severity, duration of disease and age of presentation was directly proportionate to greater cytological changes on ocular surface.

MO239ORAL FUNGAL INFECTION IN ESRD PATIENTS

Background and Aims Chronic Kidney Disease is an increasing health alarm worldwide with systemic signs like hematologic changes, bone metabolic error, and compromised immune status presenting to a dental practitioner with oral complications. Hence a study was done to assess the oral health condition, cytological changes, and presence or absence of candida in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing dialysis aged between 30 to 65 years and controls in South India. Method A cross sectional study was conducted among 80 adults with CKD and controls, attending KMC and MCODS, Mangalore. Oral manifestations and oral hygiene were assessed; Cytological smears were taken for morphometric analysis of buccal mucosal cells from the subjects. Oral smears were cultured to check for the growth of fungal species in subjects and controls. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 13. Chi square test was used to compare categorical variables between the groups. Results There was a significant difference in oral hygiene status and cytological changes in patients with CKD. Oral Fungal Infection was found in 32% of our patients on dialysis and oral lesions, defined as clinical signs associated with OFI such as erythematous oral stomatitis, membranous candidiasis, or angular cheilitis, were found in 37% of the patients with OFI, while 5% of the patients without findings of fungal infection presented oral lesions associated with OFI (p=0.0002). Furthermore, patients with self-reported mouth dryness were three times more likely (p=0.02) to be diagnosed with OFI. Conclusion Hemodialysis patients are found to have significantly more OFI than controls. Oral dryness and dental plaque formation also seem to be at risk of developing OFI. Detection of oral lesions associated with OFI should be combined with a histopathological diagnosis before antifungal treatment. The prevalence of oral candida in these cases is alarming and can be a predictor of a poor prognostic index. As medicine advances, oral health care professionals should have a holistic approach to the management of patients with complex medical problems especially to diseases of the renal system as it is pivotal in maintaining a stable internal environment and homeostasis.

EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERSMALIGNANT DISORDERS

Objective: Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are at risk for development of malignancy and tobacco use contributes in its transformation. This study was designed to assess exfoliative cytological findings in OPMD cases using tobacco and healthy controls with no history of tobacco use. The aim was to screen OPMD cases for biopsy with the help of brush cytology. Materials and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Histopathology Laboratory of Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar for which samples were collected from two dental hospitals and private dental clinics of Peshawar. The study included 20 cases of clinically diagnosed Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) with history of tobacco use; including 10 cases of leukoplakia and 10 cases of oral lichen planus (OLP), and 20 age and gender matched healthy controls with no history of tobacco use, after observing a strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. A pre-designed proforma was used to collect the data, which was later analyzed in SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 40 participants had a mean age of 48.25±10.01 years with gender distribution of 32(80%) males and 8(20%) females, giving a male to female ratio of 4:1. The duration of tobacco use in cases had a mean of 22.95 ± 9.17 years, while duration of lesion had a mean of 2.3±4.4 years. As per Oral Bethesda Criteria, 18 (90%) OPMD cases were Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion/Malignancy (NILM). Buccal mucosa 12(60%) was the most common site of lesions. On Oral Exfoliative Cytology (OEC), OPMDs showed mild to moderate cytological changes as compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: This study concluded that most of the OPMD cases show mild to moderate cytological changes as compared to healthy controls. Dysplastic changes were seen only in 10% of OPMD cases that needed further assessment through biopsy.